Studies Flashcards
Daniel Reiger
Uses DSM and found 3 disorders including ptsd had kappa value of 0.6-0.8 which is very good.
7 more had kappa of 0.4-0.6. This is good as shows clinicians have adapted despite change in criteria.
Only 4% of clinicians lacked confidence in their diagnosis using icd 10
Rachel cooper
Found DSM 5 task force were classifying levels as low as 0.2-0.4 as acceptable. Found major depressive disorder was least reliable (0.28)
Kim-kohen
Showed concurrent validity for conduct disorder thru observations interviews with mothers and questionnaires
Galeazzi
2 researchers did joint interview of 100 clients with psychomatic symptoms and had high kappa value so shows strong agreement for icd 10
Peter mason
Found icd 10 had predictive validity as predicted disability in 99 ppl with schizophrenia 13 years later
Tenn
Gave rats amphetamine injections and they showed schizophrenia like symptoms such as social withdrawal. Dopamine antagonists then reversed the effects. Shows dopamine causes schizophrenia
Depatie + Lal
Found that apomorphine which is a dopamine agonists did not induce schizophrenia like symptoms in non psychotic people and did not worsen symptoms of people with schizophrenia. Therefore maybe hyperdopaminergia does not cause schizophrenia
Davis
Positive symptoms due to excess dopamine in mesolimbic pathway and negative symptoms caused by less dopamine in mesocortical pathway.
Snyder
Found haloperidol which is dopamine antagonist had narrower range of biochemical effects and was more effective in reducing symptoms. Shows excess activity of specific receptors are linked to symptoms
Wim veiling
Showed Moroccan immigrant were more likely to be diagnosed with schizophrenia than Turkish immigrants. Shows environmental factors such as social stress interact with neurochemistry which makes some people more prone to psychosis.
Gottesman and shields
Found clear concordance rates between people with genetic similarity and probability of 2 people both having schizophrenia. Shows biology plays significant role.
Pedersen and mortensen
The longer someone is exposed to city life and and high population density will increase risk of schizophrenia. Rural dwelling can protect someone from a disorder they are genetically predisposed to.
Egan
Found link between a form of COMT gene called VAL allele will increase the risk of schizophrenia by 50%.
Dahoun
DISC1 gene is associated with presynaptic dopamine disregulation.
Vasssos
Meta analysis from 4 studies and found risk was 2.37 times higher for people living in urban environments compared to rural environment for schizophrenia.
Veiling questionnaire
Gave people a questionnaire and found people with a weak ethnic identity were at greater risk of schizophrenia than people with strong ethic identity. Shows that embracing ethnic differences could be a protective factor.
Patel
Did multiple FGA trials and found only have 45% had improvement and no side effects. Many people who took it struggled with everyday life and were unemployed.
Zhao
Did meta analysis of 18 FGAs and found 17 of them has lower relapse rates compared to placebo.
Kapur
Warns of overgeneralisation from animal tests as they can handle higher doses but this will cause side effects in humans. Therefore lab experiments can’t replicate living experience of taking meds and coping with side effects.
Turner
Found publication bias towards studies that showed positive outcomes of antipsychotic trials. Sates that the effectiveness is exaggerated as the research is funded by drug companies
NICE
Did meta analysis of CBT studies and found it reduces rehospitalisation rates and time spent in hospital. Reduced symptom severity and improved psychological functioning
Kuipers
Found drug resistant clients improved when given CBT which targeted delusions and hallucinations
Mckennna
Compared CBT to routine treatment and CBT was only superior in 2/9 studies.
Lieblich
Used DSM 5 and there was only full agreement for 15% of diagnosis of depression
Sen
Found negative correlation between amount of bdnf in blood and severity of depressive symptoms.
Martinowich
Low levels of bdnf in hippocampus of depressed people during post mortem
Evans
Measured self beliefs of pregnant women and those with more negative beliefs were more likely to eventually become depressed after 3 years.
Dohr
Found that negative beliefs expressed during depressive episode usually became positive
Brown
Argues that there is a lot of evidence that negative thinking accompanies depression but little evidence it causes depression
Cipriani
Reviewed studies of 21 antidepressants and found all the drugs were more effective than placebos.
Elkin
Randomly allocated 239 pps to one of 4 treatment groups. CBT was just as effective as antidepressants
Shea
Antidepressants and interpersonal therapy was more effective than CBT in treating severe depression
Meechan
Argues that CBT only works due to relationship between client and therapist. Concluded that collaborative relationship encouraged more open communication
