Students as Learners Flashcards
Constructivism
theorized that knowledge constructed by the learner through collaboration and real-world experiences is better understood
Cognitive Processes (cognition)
the ability to apply new information to other settings and to draw conclusions; they include perception, attention, language, memory and thinking
Transfer
when students use cognitive processes to make connections between contexts, learning is transferred and expanded
Jerome Bruner
a constructivist theorist that contributed the three modes of representation (enactive stage, iconic stage, and the symbolic stage) to the field of cognitive development
enactive stage
stage 1 of Bruner’s stages of cognitive development- the stage in which a child up to 1 year old is characterized by learning through action (muscle memory)
iconic stage
stage 2 of Bruner’s stages of cognitive development- the stage in which a child between the ages of 1-6 is characterized by cognition through mental pictures
symbolic stage
stage 3 of Bruner’s stages of cognitive development- the stage in which a children above the age of 7 are characterized by learning through language and other symbolic forms (i.e classifications)
Teachers that followed Bruner’s theories
teach as a facilitator who promotes symbolic thinking and problem-solving that can be applied to a variety of situations
Albert Bandura
a psychologist that developed the social learning theory
Social learning theory
the theory that learning is a combination of cognition, behavior, and environment. Behavioral changes occur when the following four processes are present: attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation
John Dewey
a philosopher who viewed learning as a series of scientific inquiry and experimentation; he advocated real-world experiences and volunteerism
GOAL: equipping students to impact society by solving real-world challenges
Jean Piaget
a psychologist that studied cognition in children and identified stages of development
sensorimotor stage
stage of development between the ages of 0-2 where children develop the concept of object permanence. learning mostly by imitation and action.
preoperational stage
stage of development between the ages of 2-7 where children begin to engage in symbolic play but do not have the ability to think abstractly or see another person’s perspective
concrete operational stage
stage of development between the ages of 7-11 where children are more capable of thinking logically, making inferences, and viewing things from more than one perspective (able to classify)
formal operational stage
stage of development between the ages of 11 to adulthood people are able to think abstractly, transfer knowledge, and mentally process information.
Lev Vygotsky
founder of social development theory which revolved around the social influences that determine learning.
- more knowledgeable other (MKO)
- zone of proximal development (ZPD)
Lawrence Kohlberg
philosopher that worked on the theories of moral development
Benjamin Bloom
psychologist that contributed to the taxonomy of educational objectives and the theory of mastery learning. Bloom proposed increasing cooperation over competition.
Mastery learning
learning that gives credit for success to hard work over innate talent
Bloom’s taxonomy
a more holistic approach to education, providing for affect, psychomotor, and cognitive domains of learning
-asking questions and assigning tasks that are higher-level thinking
Classical conditioning
neutral stimulus becomes associated with a reflex response
-bell ringing
Operant conditioning
a positive of negative stimuli becomes associated with a desired performance
-stickers for good behavior/punishment for bad
ineffective in the long term due to negative associations with failure
metacognition
thinking about the learning process (skills students use to learn and make connections: ex. think-pair-share)
extrinsic motivators
ex. praise, awards, positive phone calls
these are motivators found outside of the learning experience
intrinsic motivators
ex. relevant learning activities, choice, competence, progress
these are motivators that are found within the learning experience
schema
framework for understanding
self-efficacy
when a person believes they are capable of achieving a learning goal by keeping students within their zone of proximal development
scaffolding
a practice of breaking the curriculum up into smaller pieces and then providing support so that students can acquire mastery
spiraling curriculum
introducing -> demonstrating -> practicing -> applying
this form of curriculum involves reteaching a concept multiple times throughout the year with steadily increasing levels of rigor and depth
Preconventional stages
the first few stages of moral development where a child behaves because it is in their best interest
Conventional stage
the mid-stages of moral development where a child conforms to societal expectations
Postconventional stages
the last stages of moral development where the person is driven by their own ethics and morals even when it is not popular
visual learners
learn through seeing (graphic organizers, map, images)
auditory learners
learn through hearing and benefit from discussions and lectures
kinesthetic learners
use action and manipulation of objects to solve problems and learn
exceptionality
strength or weakness in academic functioning that requires extra attention to meet the needs of the student
gifted and talented
students that typically have IQs over 130. Usually are divergent thinkers that benefit from differentiation using advanced curricula through inquiry-based learning
speech disorders
students with speech disorders have difficulty forming words
language disorders
students with this disorder have difficulty with comprehension
Americans with Disabilities Act
prohibits discrimination based on disabilities and provides for modifications
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)
provides guidelines to schools to help address the individual needs of special education students
Individualized Education Plan (IEP)
any students identified as eligible for special services under IDEA must have a personalized education plan that is developed each year
Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act
provides services to all students in federally assisted programs who have physical or mental impairments that substantially limit one or more life activities. Identification comes form multiple sources.
Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974
the right of students that prevent schools from sharing identifiable information about students. It also gives families the right to review their academic records to request ammendments
Every Student Succeeds Act
change federal mandates of testing to be up to the state
Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972
Gender rights. protects students against gender discrimination in all federally funded education programs, including colleges that receive federal funding
McKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Act
provides services such as transportation to a child’s home school or enrollment without appropriate documentation, for students who do not have a consistent home
accomodation
give student access to the same curriculum as their grade-level peers but information is presented in a different way or access to additional resources is given (time, calculator, large print)
modification
changes made to the curriculum or environment because students are so far behind that they are unable to progress using the same curriculum
Edward Thorndike
founded operant conditioning (positive/negative stimulus for response) learners will be resistant to learning before they are ready. they must practice to build on the learning or risk weakening the understanding of that content
John Watson
coined behaviorism which was objectively researching behavior in response to stimuli (the evil guy that made babies scared of Santa Claus by conducting unethical experiments)
Abraham Maslow
developed Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs which he theorized to be the unconscious desires of that motivate people
basic survival needs -> safety needs -> love/belonging -> self-esteem needs -> self-actualization
B.F Skinner
Behaviorist that believed that learning happens through self-paces learning activities and provides rewards for success. Reinforcement must be part of learning behavior
cognitive dissonance
when a student has conflicting thoughts and therefore feels uneasy
