Stuart Britain Flashcards
1
Q
What was the Royal Prerogative in 1603
A
- Ability to appoint a privy council: King’s Court, lord treasurer etc.
- Ability to summon and dissolve Parliament
- Right to control. Foreign policy
- Supreme Governor of Church of England
2
Q
What was Parliament’s role in 1603
A
- Grants Supply
- Passes Legislation
3
Q
How was the Crown Funded in 1603?
A
- Crown Lands rented out and Sold
- Custom Duties (Import Taxes)
- Feudal Duties (Right to control estates inherited by under 21s
- Parliament Subsidies like Tonnage and Poundage granted
4
Q
What were part of James I’s character that gave him financial difficulties?
A
- Ban on Monopolies
- Vast Inflation (due to population growth and the influx of silver from the New World)
- Spending on favourites
- Antesuppers which cost around £3,300
5
Q
When was the Hampton Court Conference and what did it Achieve?
A
January 1604
Between James and the Puritains where James agreed to make a King James Bible published in 1611 and a new Common Prayer Book published in 1604
6
Q
When was the Treaty of London and what did it Achieve?
A
1604
Ended the british war with the French and Spanish establishing James as Rex pacificus
Looked to bring Jacobethan balanec through the 1606 Oath of Alligence
7
Q
When was the Blessed Parliament and what did it Achieve?
A
1604-1611
* Interrupted by gunpowder plot in 1605 November 5th
* Granted £400 000 in subsidies
* James wanted to join Scottland and England as he “did not want to be the husband of two wives”
* Robert Cecil said the king needed £600 000 to clear debts and modernize the navy and an extra annual subsidy of 200 000 and in return James would give up some of his purveyance (purchasing provisions) amongst other kingly rights which was agreed after some altercations.
* The John Bates case in 1606 is highly relevant to the king’s royal prerogative as John Bates refused to pay impositions as he deemed them illegal since they were issued by Parliament. Bates Lost and was forced to pay.
8
Q
When was the Great Contract
and what was it?
A
1607
* Robert Cecil proposed it to solve royal finances by asking parliament a fixed annual income of £200,000 annually and the king would relinquish wardship and purveyance but failed in 1610 as the King wanted more and was reluctant to give up his prerogative rights
9
Q
Addled Parliament
A
1614
Lasted only two months and no bills were passed
10
Q
Thirty Years War
A
1618-1648
James was reluctant to join as we wanted to stay as rex pacificcus
11
Q
When was the Spanish Match?
A
1614-1623
Infanta Maria Anna of Spain
unpopular with Parliament but failed because King Phillip of Spain wanted Charles to become catholic and catholic penal laws to be suspended
12
Q
Happy Parliament
A
1624-1625
Ended with the Kings death
Buckingham Impeached Cranfield for ‘corruption’ (tried to cut down on spending as lord treasurer)
13
Q
The Useless Parliament
A
1625
3 months
* parliament only gave subsudies for a year not anuall
* Demanded Buckingham be impeached
* Stopped demanding when Buckcingham was assassinated in 1628 August
14
Q
The Final Parliament
A
1628-1629
Inbetween these Parliaments, Charles imposed forced loans meaning at this one Parliament presented The Petition of Right saying Charles was against the Magna Carta
ts pmo said Charles so began personal rule
15
Q
Finance in Personal Rule
A
Kings Mine
* Ship money was imposed in 1634 which was controversial since it wasn’t war time and was also imposed to non-coastal towns leading to the Hampden Case in 1637 where he was imprisoned, and 5/12 judges disagreed
* Distraint of Knighthood meant that if you earned £40 a year on land you should present yourself to the king and if you didn’t, you’d be fined
16
Q
Religion in Personal Rule
A
- The King also brough the **William Laud as the Archbishop of Canterbury in 1633 **who was an Arminian an unpopular religion in England often compared to Catholicism who issued the book of sports, rearranged the altar and put forward a new prayer book in 1637.
- Bastwick, Prynne and Burton issued leaflets against Arminianism, so they were brought to the star chamber and imprisoned in the tower of London which took away support from Charles in 1637.
17
Q
What Ended the Personal Rule?
A
- Following the new prayer book the 1639 First Bishops war began an ended in a draw but the fact Charles didn’t win exposed his weakness so in 1640 he called the short Parliament asking for money but nothing really happened only 3 weeks long and led by Pym then after the** second bishops war 1640, the Scots took Newcastle a large coal producer for England** so Charles had to call another parliament to ask for funding called the Long Parliament.
18
Q
The Long Parliament
A
1640-1660
* First Parliament went after Thomas Wentworth (Earl of Straffford and Lord Deputy of Ireland who implemented Thorough), executing him for high treason lead by John Pym and William Laud who was also **imprisoned for treason in 1641 but not executed until 1645.
* Charles was granted £400 000 if he signed the Triennale act which meant he had to call a parliament every 3 years and they banned the levying of taxes without parliamentary consent along with the star chamber.
* The Grand Remonstrance was presented to Charles in 1641 which essentially was made to vastly change the nation like banning bishops, but Charles refused.**
19
Q
What happened after the first sessions of the Long parliament?
A
Charles tried to arrest five members in **4th of January 1642 **
After this failedd Charles fled to Oxford leaving Londons economic power to parliament
20
Q
How did Charles and Parliament get their Armies and when were they assembled?
A
March 1642
Charles: Commissioners of Array
Parliament: Millitia of Ordinance
21
Q
When was NMA formed and who controlled it?
A
1645
Owned by Fairfax
Cromwell controlled Ironsides
22
Q
Timeline of first civil war?
A
- The Battle of Edgehill October 1642 ended as a draw
- **1643 The Solemn League and Covenant **was signed which brought and alliance between Parliament and the Scots in return for a more presbyterian church.
- Then the** New Model Army was built by Fairfax** and Cromwell and held a decisive victory at Naseby in 1645.
- Charles surrendered to the Scots at Newark may 1646
23
Q
What happened after the first Civil War?
A
- Charles was presented the Newcastle Propositions,only the members could dissolve the Long Parliament and the power of Bishops was reduced
- Charles refused so he was offered the ‘Army Councils Terms’ which again he rejected
24
Q
How did the Second English Civil War start?
A
- Charles escaped the prison he was in and made an alliance with Scottland where he would make a presbyterian church of he won for 3 years since the Scots were becoming doubtful of parliament.
- The Vote of No Addresses was passed in Jan 1648 meant no more negotiating with the king
- Windsor Prayer Meeting of April 1648 called Charles a man of blood
- The war began and ended in 1648, and Charles was once again in parliaments hands
25
What infuential event happened after the Second English Civil War?
6th december 1648
Pride's purge
Arrested 45 Members who were unlikely to put Charles on Trial
* **On the 30th of January 1649 Charles was executed**
26
What came after Charles' Execution and what did it achieve?
The Rump Parliament: **1649-1653 April**
* Oath of Engagement 1650 (Had to put an oath to nation)
* Act of Oblivion 1651 (could avoid paying recusancy fines if took oath
* 1650 Blasphemy and Adultery Act (Godly Reform)
27
What were problems with the Rump?
* Seen as illegitamate (born from Coup of Pride not voted in)
* Before had 690 members now only 210
* only 1/4 regicides
* Disagreements between Levellers, Diggers and Ranters
28
What happened Internationally after Charles' execution
* Three kingdoms unhappy so Cromwell has to go suppress opposition
kills 40% of Ireland terrorising Wexford and Drogheda september 1649
Goes to Scottland after 1650-1651 3rd September Battle of Worcester
* First Anglo Dutch War May 1652
29
When was the Rump Dissolved and why
20th April 1653 as they werent putting enough Godly Reform
30
Which Parliamentary body followed the Rump of the 1650s
The Nominated Assembly/Barebones Parliament
July-December 1653
Handpicked by Cromwell, 140 members representing all three kingdoms
31
Nominated Assembly's goals and achievements
* Looked to secure, "Liberty of conscience"
* worked 6 days a week
* made 26 Ordinances
* Secured Trade Routes
* Allowed Civil marriages
* Legal adjustments help debtors
* upset Propertied members
* Divisions with fifth Monarchists
32
What Followed the Nominated Assembly
The First Protectorate
**December 1653**
Brought Forward by **the Instrument of Government** a constitution **written by military leader John Lambert**
Included Lord Protector (Cromwell), Council of State (Privy Council) and was a unichambaral government (No HOL)
Triers and Ejectors enforced Godly Behaviour
33
When Was the First Protectorate Parliament and whay happened in it?
**3rd September 1654 to 22nd Jan 1655**
Meant to last at least 5 months in consitution but they pissed OC off by rejecting 82 of his Ordinances so he calls it off after 5 Lunar Months
460 Mps, most of whom were Barebones
34
What Happened Internationally during the First Protectorate?
* 5th April 1654: Anglo- Dutch war ends through Westminster treaty
* 12th April 1654: Ordinance Unites Scottland and England
* Crowell’s failure to capture Hispaniola (God didn’t allow it May 1655)
35
Religous Issues During First Protectorate Parliament
* Nov 1654 George Cony a London Merchant imprisoned for not paying Cromwell's Custom duties
* Dec 1654, John Biddle persecuted for being a Socian (not believing in divinity of christ)
* March 1655, Penruddock Uprising (Royalist Uprising with 600 people)
lead to Cromwell geting a Spymaster called John Thurlow
* August 1655 Major Generals Set Up, divides england into 11 districts a form of martial law to impose Godly Reform after Cromwell believed God prevented his Hispaniola capture because he wasnt Godly enough
* September 1655 Decimation Tax (10% on Royalists)
against liberty of conscience
36
When was the Second Protectorate Parliament and what did it bring?
**1656 Septmeber to June 1567** Second Protectorate Parliament
Raise Money Agaisnt Spain
1656 James Naylor Case (renacted Christs arrival to Jerusalem)
* **Jan 1567, Cromwell forced to abandon Decimation tax and Major Generals** affter major pushback from commonwealths men
* Arthur Haselris, Thomas Scott, Lord Broghill, were excluded during Pride's Purge
* ** February 1658, Humble Petition and Advice**
* 1657 March Anglo-French Treaty (Offensive against Spain)
* 1657 June Cromwells seccond instalation
37
Features of Humble Petition and Advice
1657 February
* Cromwell offered Kingship but he 'will not rebuild Jericcho'
* Altered in May
* Established Other House (HOL) which had been abolished in 1649
* Cromwell can appoint his successor
* Only Parliament can vote out members
38
When and Why did Richard Cromwell come in and out of power
3rd September 1658
* Lacked Political guide
* Opposed by Commonwealthmen
* Army demanded that Richard would resign in April 1659
Wanted to keep legal indemnity (would protect army from law)
39
What happened after Richard Left?
* May-October 1659: Rump reinstated
* October- December 1659: Committee of Safety in power
Put forward by Lambert
* Monck (NMA leader in Scottland) reinstated Rump
Voted to dissolve themselves and call new elections
* Convention Parliament was voted in and dominated by Royalists, and they voted in invite Charles Stuart back to England who arrived in May 1660
40
What was the Conditions for Charles' II return?
Declaration of Breda (**April 1660**)
Promised General pardons for crimes commited during English Civil war and Interregnum
* Did prosecute those directly involved in Charles' execution
* Brought the Indemnity and Oblivion Act 1660 to officialize this
* sought "liberty to tend to conscience"
* also said army arrears would be paid in full, "doesnt want to go on my travels again"
41
What was the New Royal Prerogative Under Charles II
* Veto legislation
* Dispense induviduals from legislation
* suspend statutes
* call and dissolve parliament
* appoint ministers
42
When was the Convecntion Parliament and what did it bring?
apr-dec (1660)
* Made it a crime to reproach any actions between 1637 an 1660
* Mostly presbyterian so wasnt so harsh on non-conformism
* **King could not impose taxes but was guranteed £1.2 million annually**
Charles had to fund misstresses and 14 illegitamate children
* Abolition of courts of Wards and Purvayance
* Worcester House Declaration Oct 1660: allow presbyterians to stay in CofE
43
What 2 events after convetion Parliament started putting pressure on non-conformists?
1661 Savoy House Conference:
* looked to reform non conformism, reinstated bishops and 1000 presbyterian ministers removed or resigned
* 1/4 of clergy forced to mental dissent
Cavalier Parliament Called
* 1661-1679-18 sessions
* "more royalist than the king"
44
What Royalist Policies were put Forwards by the Cavalier Parliament?
* 1662 Hearth Tax (Fireplaces)
* Cancelled Ordinances from Interregnum appart from ship money and star chamber
* 1661 and 1662 Militia Acts: Gave Charles Control of Army
* 1661 Act of Safety and Preveservation of His Majesty's Person and Government (illegal to acuse king of popery)
* 1662 Licensing (of press) Act (censorship abolishing mass petitioning)
* 1664 Triennial Act: King only expected to call parliament every three years
45
What policies were put forward in the Clarendon Code?
* 1661 Corporation Act: Only Anglicans allowed positions in Government
* 1662 Act of Uniformity: Made Presbyterians non conformists
* 1662 Quaker Act: 450 Quakers died in prison and >15000 suffered a form of punishment
* 1664 Conventicle Act: Forbade worship outside CofE in groups of 5 or more
* 1665 Five Mile Act: Banned persecutedd people to preach within 5 miles of where they got banned
* 1670 Second conventicle Act: Reinforced perseccution and took out leaneant JofP
* **1662 Declaration of Indulgence allowed Charles to dispense individuals **
## Footnote
Gilbert Sheldon Archbishop in 1663 was a big advocate
46
Why did Clarendon Fall?
* opposition fell to advisors rather than directly to King ("evil councillors" blamed for Charles II's mistakes)
* Clarendon failed to build a political network
* Increasingly allienated to king
* HofC began to dislike him
* **Second Anglo Dutch War: 1665-1667**
nearly everyone but Clarendon backed it
English Navy given £5 million
June 1665 Battle of Lowestoft was a success but Dutch regrouped
1667 battle of Medway sunk 30 of largest english ships
* Clarendon blamed for sale of Dunkirk to france (1662) for £325,000
* Impeached in 1667 so Charles told him to run
47
Who were Cabal and what did they do?
Clifford (catholic), Ashley (free thinker), Buckingham (FT), Arlington (high church), Lauderdale (presbyterian)
* Clifford and Ashley improved finance
* Lauderdale controlled Scottland
* Arlington amnd Buckingham Opps
* Arlington shaped policy
* Cabal leaneant on French
48
End of Cabal?
* 1670: Treaty of Dover
Charles to become more leaneant with catholics and eventually come out as one for anual sum of £200,000 and supprise attack on Dutch
* 1672: 3rd Anglo Dutch War
* 1672 2nd Declaration of Indulgence
* Jan 1672 Stop the Exchequer
* 1673 Removal of Declaration of Indulgence so Charles could get more money from Parliament
* 1673 Test Act: required anyone doing a public service to deny Catholicism and take an Anglican Communion.
* 1674 end of 3rd Anglo Dutch War: Treaty of Westminster
49
Who was Danby
Earl of Danby (Thomas Osbourne)
* wanted to establish authority of Cabal by taking advantage of Buckinghams and Arlingtons impeachments from TofD leakage
* Became Lord Treasurer in 1673
* Enforced Clarendon Code
* Placed kings finances on sounder groundd
* Created a court party and in response a country
* April 1675 Test Bill: Tried to make it ilegal for anyone but King to reform church but was defeated by Arlington and Shaftesbury who tried to impeach
* Nov 1675 Parliament voted £300,000 for navy
* 1674 End of 3rd Anglo Dutch War
* 1674-77 royal inccome averaged £1.4million
* Danby Couldnt control Charles' spending: between 1674 and 1679 debt rose by £750,000
* Accused of popery
* Was exposed by Ralph Montagu in 1678 so sent to tower in 1679 and charles dissolved cavalier
50
What happened in 1677
cavalier was reconved and Shaftsebury and Buckingham were sent to the tower after claiming new elections should be held
* Parliament granted £600,000 to the navy as fearful of France
* “No other state would any longer believe sovereignty of England rests in crown”
* Dec- **Anglo-Dutch Treaty** raised 30,000 men and £300,000 and Mary married William of Orange
51
Popish Plot
Cooked up by Israel Tonge and Titus Oates
* Oates a jesuit with insider knowledge
* Tonge's Church burned down in 1666 by 'catholics'
* Claimed pope hired assassins against Charles
* Tonge approached Charles through Chemist Kirby
* Tonge said Duke of Yorks cconfessors were conspirator
* Oates was scared would be exposed so formed incriminating letter and sent to Beddingfield hoping spies would get, they didnt and Duke of York was shown letter
* Edwards Coleman, DofY secratary was arressted
* October 1678 magistrate Edmund Godfrey was murdered after he 'discovered plot'
* He was matyred and Green, Berry and Hill, confessed to Godfreys murder under forceful torture and were hanged
* 35 cactholics hanged
* like Duke of Norfolk, Earl of Berkshire and Arundel, Lord Belasyse and Pickering and Earl of Strafford
* In November 1678, Cavalier parliament constructed a bill to limit powers of future catholic monarch: Gave army to parliament but bill vetoed
52
Exclusion Parliaments
* 1679-1681
* First Parliament
158 Tories/ 302 Whigs: Impeached Danby
Amendment Acct which made an exclusion bill so Parliament was dissolved before it was ratified.
* Second Parliament
220 Tories/ 310 Whigs
Exclusion Bill passed in commons but rejected by Lords
* Third Parliament
Oxford to try get more Tories
193 Torries/ 309 Whigs
1 weeklong another exclusion bill passed
“I will never Yield, and will not let myself be intimidated”- Charles, then dissolved
Quo warranto writs used to kick whigs from government and Shaftesbury fled to Holland.
53
What was the Rye House Plot?
**1683**
Plan to assassinate Charles II and bring James to the throne
Plan to kill king at races but they were cancelled
54
What was the first of James II's Parliaments?
The Loyal Parliament: May 1685-1687
* Tory Landslide win
* Supported high anglicanism- enforced Penal Laws
* Charles left a good Inheritance
10,000 standby army
money and a loyal nation
55
What Happened in france that drove more protestants to England
Revocation of the Edict of Nantes 1685
56
What was the first rising against James II
Argylls Rising: May-Jun 1685
* Earl of Campbell comes from Holland with 500 soldiers landing in scottland but fails to gather support and is executed on the 30th of June
57
What was the Second rising against James II?
Monmouth's Rebllion July 1685
* Duke of Monmouth, Charles Illegitamate son Commander in chief of army who was also involved in Rye house Plot lands in Dorset 11th June
* Grows small army
* Defeated and executed at Sedgemore 6th July
58
What followed Monmouths Rebellion?
The Bloody Assize of Lord Chief Justice Jefferies
Told if they confessed theyd be pardoned but were persecuted instead
* 200 killed
* 800 sent to West Indies
* Lord Grey paid £30,000 to get pardoned
59
How did James then start to infuse catholicms?
* James wanted to rid the Test and Corporation Act but opposed by Halifax who was dismissed by Privy Council
* Godden vs Hales: Sir Edmund Hales became catholic and was dispensed from test act
* March 1886 King James ordered Compton BofL to punish Sharp for not stopping to preach provocative issues but Compton refused
* Allowed Catholics to worship freely
* In April of 1687 and 1688 he issued Declarations of Indulgence to suspend penal laws
60
# Wh
What was the response to the 1687-1688 Declarations of Indulgence?
* The 7 Bishops Case
* The Archbishop of Canterbury, William Sancroft and 6 other bishops presented a petition to make the declarations of indulgence illegal.
* James ordered for them to be taken to the tower however at their trial in June 29th in 1688, they were all acquitted and this had popular support and celebrations.
61
What was the Key turning point of James II's reign?
*** 10th June 1688: Birth of James Francis Edward, Prince of Wales**
## Footnote
Protestant Mary II no longer heir instead catholic
62
What was the Response to the Birth of James Francis Edward?
The immortal seven sent a letter to William of Orange inviting him to invade saying theyd support him on the** 30th of June 1688 **
They did not actually put their names on it but rather numbers
63
How was William of Orange's arrival to Britain
Carried by the protestant wind the Dutch Fleet who landed at Devon **on 5th November 1688 **without being intercepted
* Flotilla 4 times larger than Spanish Armada and had 40,000 Dutch Soldiers
* James left London after riots broke out but was caught by a kentman in Sheerness
* People close to him like his own daughter Princess Anne switched sides so **in December 1688 James fled to France ** after a small battle in Reading on 7th Dec which killed 50
* James destroyed the great seal when he ran
64
What happened after James fled
* The convention Parliament from Charles II’s reign convened on the 22nd January 1689 who put both William and Mary on the throne as a joint rule on the 13th of February 1689
* Bill of rights December 1689
Affirmed a number of constitutional principles such as the ilegallity of using dispensing power and prohibition of the crowns taxation and in 1694 a triennial act was formed.
