STS Flashcards
To Learn
What is science?
Knowledge about or study of the natural world based on facts learned through experiments and observation.
What is technology?
Science or knowledge put into practical use to solve problems or invent useful tools.
How does science contribute to technology?
Science is the pursuit of knowledge about the natural world through systematic observation and experiments, leading to the development of new technologies.
What are the key roles of science and technology?
Alter living conditions, drive economic development, improve health systems, education, and infrastructure.
What sectors are emerging in the 21st-century technological revolutions?
Microprocessors, telecommunications, biotechnology, and nanotechnology.
What is the relationship between technology and poverty?
Technology has the power to better the lives of poor people in developing countries and is a differentiator between countries that effectively tackle poverty.
Define society.
A group of individuals involved in persistent social interaction, sharing geographical or social territory, and subject to the same political authority and cultural expectations.
What does STS stand for?
Science, Technology, and Society studies.
When did STS originate?
In the 1960s and 1970s.
What is the assumption of STS?
Science and technology are intertwined and profoundly social and political.
True or False: The effect of science on society is entirely beneficial.
False.
What influences the direction of scientific and technological development?
Social influences, pressure groups, and accepted social views, values, and priorities.
What agency is responsible for science and technology in the Philippines?
Department of Science and Technology.
What major practices were present in the Philippines before Spanish colonization?
Medicinal plant knowledge, farming, shipbuilding, mining, and weaving.
What institution did the Spanish establish for education in the Philippines?
Parish schools.
What was the focus of the Bureau of Government Laboratories established in 1901?
Study of tropical diseases and laboratory projects.
What significant act was passed in 1958 in the Philippines?
The Science Act of 1958, establishing the National Science Development.
What is a paradigm?
A distinct set of concepts or thought patterns, including theories, research methods, and standards.
What is a paradigm shift?
A fundamental change in approach or underlying assumptions.
Who is Thomas S. Kuhn?
An American physicist and philosopher of science known for his work on the structure of scientific revolutions.
What is the Kuhn Cycle?
A simple cycle of progress in scientific disciplines including pre-science, normal science, model drift, model crisis, model revolution, and paradigm change.
What characterizes the ‘model crisis’ in the Kuhn Cycle?
The existing model cannot solve problems, leading to a significant breakdown.
What are historical examples of paradigm shifts in society?
- Slavery’s acceptance to unacceptability * Child labor’s acceptance to unacceptability * Male superiority norms * Control over reading and information post-printing press * The Reformation.
What was the role of Aristotle in Western science?
Created a body of scientific theory that dominated Western Civilization for about 2000 years.
What were some factors that preserved Aristotle’s theories?
- Minimal reliance on experiments * Integration with Church theology * Support from Renaissance scholars.
Fill in the blank: The __________ introduced formal education and scientific institutions in the Philippines.
[Spanish colonizers]
True or False: The American period in the Philippines saw a decline in scientific progress.
False.
What major change occurred during Corazon Aquino’s presidency regarding science and technology?
The National Science and Technology Authority was replaced by the Department of Science and Technology.
Who was the most influential figure in Western science?
1600
1600 marks a significant period in the history of science.
What philosopher created a body of scientific theory that dominated Western Civilization for 2000 years?
Aristotle
What were the three factors that worked to both overthrow and preserve Aristotle’s theories?
- Reliance on experiments
- Integration with Church theology
- Renaissance scholars uncovering contradictory Greek authors
What revolution is associated with Nicolas Copernicus?
Copernican Revolution
What was the problem that Copernicus wrestled with?
Paths of planetary orbits
What term describes the smaller circular orbits that spun off the main orbits in the Ptolemaic system?
Epicycles
How many epicycles were attached to the model of the universe by the 1500s?
80
What was Copernicus’s main geometric solution to the problem of planetary orbits?
Placing the sun at the center of the universe
Who was the second-century Greek astronomer that contributed to the Ptolemaic system?
Ptolemy
Who was the successor of Tycho Brahe and showed that planetary orbits were elliptical?
Johannes Kepler
What invention did Galileo Galilei use to further his astronomical observations?
Telescope
What was the title of Galileo’s book published in 1611?
The Starry Messenger
What significant law did Isaac Newton invent that explains motion?
Three laws of motion
What branch of mathematics did Isaac Newton invent?
Calculus
What year was Newton’s book, Principia Mathematica, published?
1687
What theory did Charles Darwin publish in 1859?
Theory of biological evolution
What process did Darwin discover that explains how organisms evolve?
Natural selection
What did the discoveries of Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, and Newton contribute to?
The understanding of the universe through human reason
Who is considered the father of psychoanalysis?
Sigmund Freud
What was Freud’s view on the causes of mental illness before his theories?
Considered organic causes
Who greatly influenced Freud during his early career as a neurologist?
Jean-Martin Charcot
What region does Mesoamerica refer to?
From Mexico to Guatemala, Belize, and parts of Honduras and El Salvador
What was the name of the advanced Mesoamerican civilization known for developing true science?
Maya Civilization
What does the Dresden Codex predict?
Solar eclipses and positions of Venus
What percentage of the world’s digital gadgets is produced by Japan, Taiwan, South Korea, and China?
90%
Which ancient civilization excelled in applied sciences such as medicine and engineering?
Egyptians
What is considered the greatest invention of the ancient Middle East?
Alphabet
What is the Information Revolution?
A period of change driven by technological advancements in computing
What is the primary technology that fueled the Information Revolution?
Semiconductor technology
Who built the first submarine cable in 1858?
Sir William Thomson (Lord Kelvin)
What is e-commerce?
The emergence of the Internet as a major distribution channel for goods and services
What type of calendar evolved from the Egyptian calendar?
Solar calendar
What types of metal products were commonly used in ancient Africa?
- Gold
- Tin
- Silver
- Bronze
- Brass
- Iron/Steel
What is the role of scientists and technology in an industrialized nation?
They are the backbone that supports socioeconomic gain and national progress.
What agency oversees and manages national technology development in the Philippines?
Department of Science and Technology (DOST)
What are the main responsibilities of the DOST?
- Oversee national technology development
- Undertake technological and scientific research
- Promote public consciousness of science and technology
What is the goal of the ‘Science for the People’ initiative?
To make science and technology relevant to regional development needs and opportunities.
List the seven outcomes the DOST strives to achieve.
- Innovation and Stimulus
- Technology and adoption promoted
- Development of globally competitive STI human resources
- Improved productivity and efficiency in communities and production sector
- Ensured resiliency to disaster risks and climate change
- Reduced inequality in STI capacities and opportunities
- Achieved effective STI governance
What is the DOST’s Eleven Point Agenda focused on?
- Pursuing R&D to address national problems
- Enhancing productivity through R&D
- Generating new knowledge across sectors
- Strengthening regional R&D capabilities
- Maximizing R&D results through technology transfer
- Developing STI human resources
- Upgrading STI facilities
- Expanding STI assistance to communities
- Providing STI solutions for disaster risks
- Strengthening industry-academe-government collaboration
- Enhancing STI governance
What is the Science for Change Program (S4CP)?
A DOST initiative to accelerate STI in the country.
Name the four programs under the S4CP.
- Niche Centers in the Regions for R&D (NICER) Program
- R&D Leadership (RDLead) Program
- Collaborative R&D to Leverage PH Economy (CRADLE)
- Business Innovation through S&T (BIST)
What does the NICER Program focus on?
Capacitating higher education institutions in the regions for regional research improvement.
What is the purpose of the R&D Leadership Program?
To strengthen research capabilities of HEIs and national government agencies.
What is the CRADLE program designed to do?
Foster collaboration between academe and local companies to improve competitiveness.
Who is Aisa Mijeno?
A Filipina scientist known for creating the sustainable alternative lighting (salt) lamp.
What is the salt lamp and how does it work?
An environment-friendly light source that runs on saltwater, utilizing the galvanic cell process.
List some awards received by the salt lamp.
- KOTRA Top 5 Best Global Startup at Startup Nations Summit 2014
- People’s Choice at Startup Nations Summit 2014
- ASEAN Corporate Sustainability Summit and Awards 2015
Who is Ramon C. Barba?
A Filipino scientist known for inducing flowering in mango trees and developing tissue culture procedures.
What significant achievement is Barba known for?
Causing mango trees to flower three times a year instead of once.
Who is Fe V. Del Mundo?
The mother of Philippine pediatrics and the first Asian woman admitted into Harvard.
What major inventions is Del Mundo credited with?
- Incubator
- Jaundice relieving device
What awards did Fe V. Del Mundo receive?
- Ramon Magsaysay Award for Public Service
- First Female National Scientist in 1980
- Order of Lakandula, Rank of Bayani in 2010
- Grand Collar of the Order of the Golden Heart Award in 2011
Who is Maria Y. Orosa?
A chemist and pharmacist known for innovations in food preservation and native food products.
List some products developed by Maria Y. Orosa.
- Calamansi Nip
- Banana ketchup
- Wines from native fruits
- Rice cookies (Darak)
What is Angel Alcala known for?
His contributions to marine biology and environmental research in the Philippines.
What was a significant contribution made by Angel Alcala?
Establishing the first artificial reef around the coastline of the Philippines.
What awards has Angel Alcala received?
- Field Museum Founders’ Council award of merit
- Magsaysay award for Public Service
- Gregorio Y. Zara Award for basic science
- Proclaimed National Scientist in 2014
