Struggling topics Flashcards
what are the 4 microorganisms that can infect animals and plants
bacteria, virus, protist and fungi
What are viruses
not cells
not living things
considered microorganisms
what are 3 ways pathogens can be spread
Air (droplets from cough)
contaminated food/water
direct contact
How can we stop getting infected by pathogens
Vaccination
isolate/quarantine
hygiene (clean hands)
kill the vectors
what is HIV and what happens?
HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus
it starts of with fever and is spread by sexual contact.
what are vectors
organisms that spread that pathogen
What is measles and how it is treated
measles cause a red rash/ fever, its spread by droplets and you can be vaccinated against it
what are the 3 diseases caused by viruses
HIV
measles
tobacco mosaic virus
what happens if HIV is untreated?
turns to AIDS, where your immune system doesn’t work properly and is unable to fight off pathogens, leading to cancer, treated with antiretroviral drugs
what is tobacco mosaic virus? how it spread?
TMV causes discoloration, commonly in tobacco and tomato leaves, and photosynthesis is unable to take place
what diseases are caused
by fungi
rose black spot, causes yellow leaves, and is spread by water or wind. can be treated by fungicide or by chopping of the leaves
What is a fungi
its a eukaryote, it can be unicellular or multi cellular, it can causes disease and produce spores
What are protists
they can be unicellular or multicellular, some are parasites and live in organisms, transported by vectors (other organisms
give me a disease caused by protists
malaria, caused by a parasitic protist through mosquitoes, symptoms are fever/ headache, and sometimes fatal.
how to prevent malaria
mosquito nets, remove breeding sites and kill mosquitoes with insecticide
what is bacteria?
they are unicellular and reproduce themselves, they produce toxins which can cause us to feel ill
what is salmonella
salmonella is caused by chicken that is infected by salmonella, and can be prevented by vaccinating the chicken, symptoms are vomiting, stomach cramps ,fever no treatment as it goes by itself
what are the symptoms of gonohhorea
pain when urinating, thick discharge, can be prevented by contraception and safe sex treated by antibioics
what are 2 diseases caused by bacteria
gonohhroea and salmonella
What are the 4 chambers
right atrium( receives deoxygenated blood and sends to the right ventricle)
right ventricle( pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs)
left atrium receives oxygenated blood and sends it to the left ventricle
left ventricle- pumps oxygenated blood all around the body via aorta
why is it called a double circulatory system?
blood enters the heart twice, once to the lungs and once to the body
what are the 4 main components in blood
white blood cell, red blood cell, platelets and plasma
what does the white blood cell do
defends the body against infection 3 ways.
1phagocytosis, engulfs pathogen
2antitoxin, neutralises the toxin
3antibodies, binds to pathogen and destroys them
what does the red blood cell do
transports oxygen around the body and has 2 adaptations
1. no nucleus, more space for oxygen
2. biconcave, absorbs more o2
what does the plasma do
allows blood to flow and carries almost everything (rbc, wbc, platlets, waste, nutrients, hormones)
what do platelets do?
clots blood to prevent infection and blood loss
what does the coronary artery do
makes sure the heart muscle tissue gets all the nutrients and oxygen it needs to keep contracting, if blocked it can cause a heart attack
what are the 3 blood vessels
Veins, capillaries and arteries
what does the vein do
the vein carries blood to the heart, it has a small layer of elastic and has the biggest lumen. it contains valves to prevent the backflow of blood
what do the arteries do
arteries carry blood away from the heart. it has a thing layer of muscle and elastic tissue to withstand the high blood pressure. it also has a small lumen
what do the capillaries do?
exchanges nutrients and oxygen with tissue/cells, takes away waste products and is 1 cell thick, and is permeable.
tell me the route of blood flow.
Vena cava-> right atrium ->right ventricle -> pulmonary artery-> lungs (gets oxygen) -> left atrium -> left ventricle -> out the aorta -> to tissues and exchanges gas and nutrients
