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Cellular Pathology > Structures and anatomy > Flashcards

Structures and anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Simple squamous epithelium

A

Single layer of flat cells - found in absorptive/filtrative tissues, e.g. blood vessel endothelia, mesothelia lining all body cavities (peritoneum, pericardium, pleura)

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2
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium

A

Single layer of cube-shaped cells - found in glands and ducts, e.g. thyroid (secreting thyroglobulin-containing colloid), walls of kidney tubules, ducts in breast lobules, cervix

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3
Q

Simple columnar epithelium

A

Single layer of columnar cells, often including Goblet cells - lines the digestive tract

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4
Q

Pseudostratified epithelium

A

One layer of cells, but different shapes and sizes give layered appearance, pseudostratified columnar (cilliated) epithelia found in nasal passage (URT), trachea, bronchi (LRT), inner ear, vas deferens, prostate, epididymis

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5
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium

A

Found (for example) in rectum, vulva, pharynx, and conjuctiva, layers of flat cells

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6
Q

Transitional epithelium

A

Changes shape when stretched (transitional relaxed/distended epithelium) - urethra, bladder, ureter

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7
Q

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

Found in sweatgland ducts and male urethra

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8
Q

Layers of skin

A

Epidermis - stratum corneum, lucidum, granulosum, spinosum, basale
Dermis - papillary, reticular
Hypodermis

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9
Q

Basal lamina protein network

A

Composed of type IV collagen, laminin, entactin & perlecan so cells cannot pass through - blood supply to epithelia is via diffusion from capillaries in connective tissue underlying basement membrane (basal lamina + lamina reticularis)

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10
Q

Upper GI includes…

A

Oesophagus, stomach, duodenum

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11
Q

Lower GI includes…

A

Jejunum, Illeum (SI) and colon, AKA the large bowel/LI

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12
Q

Large intestine - proximal to distal

A

Caecum -> Ascending colon -> Transverse colon -> Descending colon -> Sigmoid -> Rectum

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13
Q

Layers of digestive system epithelia - outside to inside

A

Serosa (below diaphragm), or adventitia (above diaphragm) -> Longitudinal muscle -> Circular muscle -> Submucosa -> Muscularis mucosa -> Mucosa

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14
Q

Peyer’s patches

A

A group of well-organized lymphoid follicles located in the lamina propria and submucosa of the distal SI(ileum, jejunum and sometimes duodenum) - almost 50% are in the distal ileum; control gut flora and provide immune defense

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15
Q

Brunner’s glands

A

Secrete alkaline mucus to protect duodenal lining from stomach acid

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16
Q

Duodenum - unique features/findings

A

Leaflike villi, crypts of Lieberkuhn, Brunner’s glands in submucosa

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17
Q

Jejunum - unique features/findings

A

Finger-like villi, well-developed picae circulares, crypts of Lieberkuhn but no glands in submucosa

18
Q

Illeum - unique features/findings

A

Shorter villi, M cells, Peyer’s patches through lamina propria and submucosa

19
Q

Villus lumen contains…

A

Capillary villus plexus, and a lacteal (lyphatic vessel for lipid drainage)

20
Q

Oesophagus structure

A

Outer longitudinal muscle, inner circular muscle, then submucosa (with submucosal glands and plexi), muscularis mucosa, and mucosa - wherein mucosal folds are lined by stratified squamous epithelium; muscle is striated/skeletal at upper (pharyngeal) end, then get progressively more smooth-muscle-based

21
Q

Stomach - two sections

A

Orad area - Fundus and (proximal) part of body - It and the lower oesophageal sphicter relax during swallowing
Caudad area - Distal body and atria - Controls gastric emptying rate

22
Q

Gastric glands - structure and cell types

A

2+ long, straight tubular glands (ending at the muscularis mucosae) join and open into one pit through a narrow neck
Pit - Simple columnar epithelium, surface mucous cells (non-Goblet - oval nucleus instead of flat, lots of small mucous droplets)
Mucous neck cells in narrow ‘isthmus’
Parietal cells & chief cells

23
Q

Parietal and chief cells in gastric pits

A

Parietal cells - In upper body of gastric gland, separated by clusters of chief cells, secrete HCl
Chief cells - In lower gastric gland, basal domain is basophilic, apical domain has secretory granules to secrete pepsinogen

24
Q

Connective tissue - types of fibers and staining

A

Collagen - thick pink, elastic - purple/black, reticular - fine black

25
Q

Adipose connective tissue location and appearance

A

Throughout body - Single nucleus around lipid droplet

26
Q

Areolar connective tissue location and appearance

A

Under epithelia, like in digestive tract/respiratory system - Looks like neurons, loose fibers in all directions, fibroblasts interspersed

27
Q

Reticular connective tissue location and appearance

A

In lymph nodes, Peyer’s patches, bone marrow, kidney, liver, spleen - Needs special stain, thicker black fibers, more meshed as opposed to long straight lines (areolar), circular cells in lymph nodes

28
Q

Dense regular connective tissue location and appearance

A

Tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses, resp. tract - Large bundles of collagen fibers running in one direction, fibroblasts sandwiched inbetween

29
Q

Dense irregular connective tissue location and appearance

A

Dermis and liver/spleen capsules - Large bundles of parallel collagen fibers, but bundles run in different directions

30
Q

Elastic connective tissue location and appearance

A

Mainly arteries - Squiggly zig-zags of elastic fibres

31
Q

Elastic cartilage location and appearance

A

External ears, eustachian tubes, larynx - Continous line of lacunae arranged next to each other, several layers, dark staining elastic fibres around the lacunae

32
Q

Fibrocartilage location and appearance

A

Inter-vertebral discs, intra-articular cartilage of knee/wrist/TMJ joints - Fibres in-between but lacunae are separated, arranged in different areas/segments

33
Q

Hyaline cartilage location and appearance

A

Ribs, nose, larynx, trachea - Small bunches of lacunae dispersed evenly throughout the tissue, light/glassy staining around them with no fibres

34
Q

Alveoli structure

A

Terminal bronchioles -> Respiratory bronchioles -> Alveolar ducts -> Alveolar sacs

Surface epithelium - 40% Type I pneumocytes - Simple squamous epithelium, barrier
60% Type II pneumocytes - Larger, rounder cells with more cytoplasm, secrete surfactant
+ Supporting tissue
+ Blood vessels

35
Q

Epithelia in bronchi/bronchioles vs. alveoli, and glands

A

Walls of bronchi and bronchioles are ciliated cuboidal epithelial cells
Seromucinous glands exist under bronchal epithelia
Bronchioles have no goblet cells, no SM glands, and no cartilage
Alveoli are squamous epithelial

36
Q

Liver - general structure

A

L/R Hepatic duct, common hepatic duct, gallbladder joins, cystic duct, common bile duct, pancreas, pancreatic duct, duodenum, sphincter of Oddi

37
Q

Hepatic triad

A

Hepatic triads - Portal vein, hepatic artery, bile duct (+ also a lymphatic vessel but not included in triad)

38
Q

Liver - lobule/sinusoid structure

A

Lobule - Central vein + Acinus
Acinus - Sinusoids lined by hepatocytes, Kupffer cells, hepatic artery branch, hepatic portal vein branch, bile duct, bile canaliculi
Sinusoid - Lumen + Kupffer cells, fenestrated endothelial cells, space of disse
Space of disse - Stellate and dendritic cells
Then hepatocytes lining outside of sinusoid, with bile canaliculi interspersed
https://imgur.com/a/o8jZhE6

39
Q

Bile secretion

A

Produced by hepatocytes, modified by cholangiocytes lining bile ducts, transported into gallbladder for storage
CCK -> Gallbladder contraction, pushing bile through common bile duct
Sphincter of Oddi also relaxes -> Bile enters duodenal lumen
Secretin also participates in bile flow into SI, stimulating biliary and pancreatic ductular cells to secrete bicarbonate and water in response to the presence of acid in the duodenum

40
Q

Bile function

A

Lipid absorption - Emulsifies fats, breaking down large lipid droplets into smaller ones, because bile salts are amphipathic (hydrophilic and -phobic ends)
Waste elimination - Excess cholesterol is converted into bile acids, excreted through biliary system via stool

41
Q

Liver - Lobule vs Acinus

A

The lobule is a hexagonal structure composed of a central portal, with the … supplying it at the corners. In contrast, the acini divide the lobule into triangular sections, with the portal vein at the apex and the … on the base.

42
Q

TDLU basic structure (and IHC)

A

The TDLU is lined by a double layer of cells; an inner epithelial luminal layer and an outer layer of specialized myoepithelial cells that sit on the basement membrane. This outer basal layer stains brown with CK14 IHC in normal breast, not the inside. The TDLU is surrounded by collagen, adipose tissue, and interspersed connective cells - forming the background stroma. CD44 can also stain rare but vital breast stem cells within this double-walled structure.

Cellular Pathology (4 decks)

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