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Physio 2 :Neuro > Structure of the nervous system (cranial system) > Flashcards

Structure of the nervous system (cranial system) Flashcards

1
Q

What does the CNS and PNS consist of?

A

1)CNS= brain and spinal cords
2)PNS= somatic and autonomic nervous system

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2
Q

what are the 3 major brain regions?

A

1)Forebrain
2)Brainstem
3)Cerebellum

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3
Q

what are the 4 axes of the brain? just give their names

A

1)Anterior-posterior
2)Rostral-Caudal
3)Dorsal- Ventral
4)Superior-Inferior

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4
Q

what is the anterior-posterior axes of the brain?

A

1)Anterior- front view of brain
Posterior-backside of the brain

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5
Q

what is the rostral-caudal axes of the brain?

A

Rostral- towards the front of the head/towards nose
Caudal-towards the4 back of the head/tail

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6
Q

what is the dorsal-ventral axes of the brain?

A

Dorsal-the top half of the brain
Ventral-bottom half of the brain

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7
Q

What is the superior-inferior axes of the brain?

A

superior- above head
inferior- below head

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8
Q

what are the 3 planes of the brain?

A

1)Coronal
2)Horizontal
3)Sagital

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9
Q

What is the coronal plane?

A

Divide the brain into a front (anterior) and a back (posterior) section

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10
Q

what is a horizontal plane?

A

Divide the brain into an upper (superior) and lower (inferior) section

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11
Q

what is a sagital plane?

A

Divides the. brain into 2 hemispheres

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12
Q

what is the sagital plane further characterised by?

A

1)Midsagittal (midline)
2)Parasagittal (more lateral)

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13
Q

in which lobe is the hippocampus located?

A

Temporal lobe

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14
Q

name 3 functions of the hippocampus

A

Learning
Memory
Regulation of hypothalamic-pituitary axis

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15
Q

why do we get amnesia?

A

due to hippocampus dysfunction

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16
Q

what are the 2 types of amnesia and what is their difference?

A

Anterograde amnesia= unable to create new memories
Retrograde amnesia= unable to recall past memories

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17
Q

What is the difference between afferent and efferent neurons?

A

Afferent neurons= carry info to the CNS
Efferent neurons= carry info away from the CNS

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18
Q

What are cranial nerves?

A

A set of 12 paired nerves in the back of your brain. They send electrical signals between your brain, face, neck and torso. They help you experience your senses

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19
Q

Name the 12 cranial nerves in order.

A

1)Olfactory
2)Optic
3)oculomotor
4)Trochlear
5)Trigerminal
6)Abducens
7)Facial
8)Vestibulocochlear
9)Glasopharyngeal
10)Vagus
11)Accessory
12)Hypoglossal

20
Q

What is Cranial nerve 1? and what is its function?

A

1)Olfactory
2)Sensation of smell

21
Q

What is Cranial nerve 2? and what is its function?

A

1)Optic
2)Sensation of vision

22
Q

What is Cranial nerve 3? and what is its function?

A

1)Oculomotor
2)Somatic motor-eye and eyelid movement
2)Visceral (autonomic) motor-parasympathetic control of pupil size

23
Q

What is Cranial nerve 4? and what is its function?

A

1)Trochlear
2)Somatic motor- eye movement

24
Q

What is Cranial nerve 5? and what is its function?

A

1)Trigerminal
2) somatic sensory-sensation of touch on the face
2)somatic motor-movement of muscle for mastication (chewing)

25
Q

What is Cranial nerve 6? and what is its function?

A

1)Abducens
2)Somatic motor- eye movement- controls lateral rectus

26
Q

What is Cranial nerve 7? and what is its function?

A

1)Facial
2)somatic motor-movements of muscles of facial expressions
2)Special sensory-sensation of touch in the anterior tongue

27
Q

What is Cranial nerve 8? and what is its function?

A

1)Vestibulocochlear
2)Auditory-vestibular (vestibulochoclear nerve)
2)Special sensory- Hearing and balance

28
Q

What is Cranial nerve 9? and what is its function?

A

1)Glasopharyngeal
Special sensory-sensation of taste in the posterior tongue
Visceral sensory- detection of bp changes in the aorta
Somatic motor-movement of muscles in the throat
visceral motor-parasympathetic control of salivary glands

29
Q

What is Cranial nerve 10? and what is its function?

A

1)Vagus/ CN X
Visceral sensory-sensation of pain associated with viscera (internal organs)
Somatic motor-movement of muscles in the throat
Visceral motor-Parasympathetic control of heart, lungs and abdominal organs

30
Q

What is Cranial nerve 11? and what is its function?

A

1)Accessory/ CN XI
2)Somatic motor- movement of muscles in the throat and neck

31
Q

What is Cranial nerve 12? and what is its function?

A

1)Hypoglossal / CN XII
2)Somatic motor-movement of the tongue (e.g swallowing or speech)

32
Q

What 3 things provide support and protection to the brain?

A

1)Meninges
2)Ventricular system
3)Vasculature system

33
Q

what are mininges? and what is their function?

A

3 membrane layers that cover the brain (and spinal cord)
They function to:
1)protect the brain and spinal cord
2)enable passage of css-ventricular system
3)support of cerebral and spinal blood vessels- Vasculature system

34
Q

what are the 3 membranes that cover the brain/ Meninges?

A

1)Dura Mater= tough outer layer
2)Arachnoid= middle layer
3)Pia Mater= delicate inner layer

35
Q

what is the function of the middle meninge (Arachnoid)?

A

Adheres the layer together
stops the brain from moving around
anchors the brain in the correct position in the skull so it doesn’t move

36
Q

where is csf made and why is it important?

A

In the Arachnoid membrane layer of the subarachnoid space. It is important as It provides a chemical stability and nutrients.

37
Q

What is the Ventricular system?

A

A series of interconnected CSF-filled spaces that lie at the core of the forebrain and brainstem

38
Q

what are the 3 parts that the ventricular system comprises of?

A

1)Lateral ventricles
2)Third ventricle
3)Fourth Ventricle

39
Q

what is responsible for producing csf that fills the 3 ventricles?

A

The Choroid plexus

40
Q

what are the 3 functions of the ventricle system?

A

1)Protection of the brain
2)Transport e.g nutrients, waste products
3)other functions e.g regulation of buoyancy

41
Q

what does the vasculature of the brain consist of?

A

Two pairs of arteries that supply blood to the brain: internal carotid arteries and vertebral arteries

42
Q

Anterior circulation is supplied by what artery and where does it supply?

A

Anterior circulation is supplied by the internal carotid arteries and supplies the forebrain (cerebrum and diencephalon)

43
Q

Posterior circulation is supplied by what artery and where does it supply?

A

Posterior circulation is derived from the vertebral arteries and supplies the brainstem, cerebellum and upper spinal cord

44
Q

Describe the vertebral arteries location and what they split off into

A

Vertebral arteries converge near base
of pons to form the basilar artery
 Basilar artery splits into the right and
left superior cerebellar arteries and
the posterior cerebral arteries at the
level of the midbrain
 Posterior cerebral arteries send
branches – posterior communicating
arteries – that connect to the internal
carotid arteries

45
Q

Describe the internal carotid arteries and where they split off into

A

Internal carotid arteries branch to
form middle cerebral arteries and the
anterior cerebral arteries
 Anterior cerebral arteries are
connected by the anterior
communicating artery
 Ring of connected arteries form the circle
of Willis at the base of the brain

Physio 2 :Neuro (21 decks)

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