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A Human Physiology > Structure of the nervous system > Flashcards

Structure of the nervous system Flashcards

Review of the arrangement of the nervous system and their characteristics

1
Q

What are the two parts of the CNS?

A

The brain and spine

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2
Q

What are the three parts of the brain?

A

Forebrain, cerebellum, and brainstem

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3
Q

What are the four lobes of the cerebrum?

A

Frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal

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4
Q

What is the frontal lobe for?

A

Motor areas, including speech; decision making; higher functions

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5
Q

What is the parietal lobe for?

A

Integrating visual and sensory information from different sense to build a coherent picture of the world; allows coordination of movements in a complex environment

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6
Q

What is the temporal lobe for?

A

Memory; face recognition; object recognition; understanding language

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7
Q

What is the occipital lobe for?

A

Vision; all input from eyes goes here

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8
Q

What are the two layers of the cerebrum?

A

Grey matter and white matter

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9
Q

What is the grey matter of the cerebral cortex?

A

Outer layer of the cerebral cortex; composed of cell bodies

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10
Q

What is white matter of the cerebral cortex?

A

Inner layer of the cerebral cortex; composed of myelinated fibre tracts; carries information in and out of cerebrum

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11
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A

Thick bundle of nerves which connects the two hemispheres

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12
Q

What are the protrusions and folds of the cerebral cortex called?

A

Protrusions are gyrus, folds inwards are sulcus; they increase the surface area of the cortex

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13
Q

What is the function of the basal ganglia?

A

Are important integrating centres controlling movement, posture, and personality traits

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14
Q

What are the two parts of the forebrain?

A

Cerebrum and diencephalon

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15
Q

What are the three parts of the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland

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16
Q

What is the function of the thalamus?

A

Synaptic relay station for all sensory pathways but smell en route to cortex; important integrating centre for inputs to cortex; participates in control of skeletal muscle coordination; key role in awareness

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17
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

A

Command centre for neural and endocrine coordination; responsible for internal homeostasis; regulate survival behaviours; generates and regulates circadian rhythms; participates in generation of emotional behaviour and regulation of autonomic function; regulated pituitary gland

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18
Q

What is the function of the pituitary gland?

A

Produces own hormones and stimulates all other hormones-producing glands

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19
Q

What is the limbic system?

A

Set of structures associated with learning and emotion, coordinated by hypothalamus; frontal lobe, temporal lobe, thalamus, hypothalamus

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20
Q

What are the inputs of the cerebellum?

A

From muscles and joints, skin, eyes and ears, viscera, and motor cortex

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21
Q

What are the roles of the cerebellum?

A

Coordination of movements (posture and balance), participates in skill learning

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22
Q

What is the brainstem?

A

Contains all fibres passing between spinal cord, forebrain, and cerebellum

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23
Q

What are the three parts of the brainstem?

A

Midbrain, pons, and medulla

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24
Q

What runs through the brainstem?

A

Reticular formation

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25
Q

What is the function of the reticular formation?

A

Connects spinal cord to forebrain and cerebellum; receives and integrates input from all regions of CNS; innervates most regions of brain and spinal cord (arousal, wakefulness, attention); is the only part of the brain essential for life

26
Q

What are the roles of the brainstem?

A

Motor function, CV control, respiratory control, sleep, wakefulness, attention

27
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31 pairs

28
Q

What is the grey matter of the spinal cord?

A

Entering axons of afferent neurons, interneurons, cell bodies and dendrites of efferent neurons, and glial cells

29
Q

What is the white matter of the spinal cord?

A

Myelinated axons; bidirectional transfer of information

30
Q

What is the dorsal root?

A

Where afferent nerve fibres enter spinal cord

31
Q

What is the dorsal root ganglion?

A

Contains cell bodies of afferent neurons

32
Q

What is the ventral root?

A

Where axons of efferent neurons leave cord

33
Q

What are spinal nerves?

A

Dorsal and ventral roots from same level of spinal cord combine; have one on each side of the body

34
Q

What do cervical nerves do?

A

Control muscles and glands; receive sensory information from neck, shoulder, arms and hands

35
Q

What do thoracic nerves innervate?

A

Chest and abdominal walls

36
Q

What do lumbar nerves innervate?

A

Hips and legs

37
Q

What do sacral nerves innervate?

A

Genitals and lower gastrointestinal tract

38
Q

How many cranial nerves are there?

A

12 pairs

39
Q

How many nerves are there total?

A

43 pairs of nerves

40
Q

How are cranial nerves named?

A

For organ they innervate, and roman numerals for order they appear on inferior surface of the brain

41
Q

Name a nerve which is exclusively afferent?

A

Optic nerve

42
Q

What are the two divisions of the PNS?

A

Afferent and efferent

43
Q

What is the afferent division of the PNS?

A

Sensory receptors to CNS; long part of axon outside CNS

44
Q

What is the efferent division of the PNS?

A

CNS to the muscles and glands

45
Q

What are the two divisions of the efferent PNS?

A

Somatic and autonomic

46
Q

What is the somatic PNS?

A

To skeletal muscles, is only excitatory

47
Q

What is the neurotransmitter of the SPNS?

A

Ach, binds to nicotinic receptors

48
Q

How many neurons are in a somatic pathway?

A

A singular neuron to the effector muscle

49
Q

Where is the cell body of a somatic neuron located?

A

Within CNS (brainstem or spinal cord)

50
Q

What is the structure of a somatic neuron?

A

Large diameter, and myelinated, so action potential is rapidly conducted

51
Q

How many neurons is involved in the automatic pathway?

A

Two neurons connect CNS to effector cells to smooth/cardiac/GI neurons; have autonomic ganglion/synapse in PNS

52
Q

What are the two sections of the autonomic PNS?

A

Parasympathetic and sympathetic

53
Q

Which branch of the autonomic PNS is involved in rest and digest?

A

Parasympathetic

54
Q

Which branch of the autonomic PNS has ganglia close to target organ?

A

Parasympathetic

55
Q

Where do the nerves of the parasympathetic system leave the CNS?

A

At the level of the brain and sacral spine

56
Q

Where do the nerves of the sympathetic system leave the CNS?

A

At the level of the thoracic and lumbar spine

57
Q

What is the neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic pathway?

A

ACh acts as NT, binding with nicotinic receptors

58
Q

What are collateral ganglia?

A

A second abdominal cavity ganglia nearer to effector organ in sympathetic pathway

59
Q

Where is primary ganglia within the sympathetic pathway?

A

Close to spinal cord

60
Q

What is the neurotransmitter of the sympathetic pathway?

A

ACh acts as NT for first synapse, NE and Epi act as NT for second synapse; NE an Epi bind to adrenergic receptors

61
Q

What are sympathetic trunks?

A

On each side of spinal cord, extend length of cord; preganglionic sympathetic neurons which leave cord between T1 and L2 and travel up and down trunk before synapsing; alternative pathways, e.g. collateral ganglia; SNS can act as a single unit, whilst PSNS is made up of independent components; responses are tailored to specific demands

A Human Physiology (24 decks)

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