Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

COMPUTING > structure of the internet > Flashcards

structure of the internet Flashcards

1
Q

What is internet?

A

A network of computer networks and computers using unique IP addresses and TCP/IP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the difference between internet and the internet?

A

Any network of connected computers is an internet

The network used by the general public is the internet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the internet?

A

A network of interconnected computer networks (wide area and local area) and computers using a globally unique address space based on TCP and IP to support public access

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does IP stand for?

A

internet protocol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does TCP stand for?

A

transmission control protocol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the core backbone of the internet?

A

very high speed connections between europe, north america, central and south america and the far east and pacific

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the backbone of each continent?

A

very high speed links to interconnect routers in each country

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are routers?

A

Special switches that recieve incoming ‘packets’ of data on one link and use the destination IP address in the packet to make a decision about which outgoing link to send the packet along

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What do routers connect?

A

Connect networks that use the same layer link protocol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Within national boundaries, what can be connected directly to the national backbone? How?

A

Networks belonging to large businesses and organisations such as universities
Connected using router gateways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is a gateway?

A

A special kind of router used to connect networks that use different layer link protocols
=connects different networks, translating packages so that they will be compatible with the new network

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How can small businesses and home users be connected to the national backbone?

A

Through an internet service provider (ISP) or internet access provider (IAP) which will have its own router gateway, selling internet access

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does ISP stand for?

A

internet service provider

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Why are routers used?

A

It is impossible to connect every host to every other host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is a host?

A

A computer which runs applications

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is a computer network?

A

machines (hosts and routers) interconnected by communication channels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is a communication channel?

A

A means of transferring sequences of bits or bytes from one host or router to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is circuit switching?

A

Two points are connected with a complete end to end connection for however long that connection is needed. The connection cannot be used by other users whilst it is being used for this connection.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What kind of switching is used in the internet?

A

packet switching

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is another word for packet?

A

datagram

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What three parts does a packet consist of?

A

source address
destination address
payload (the data)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is a packet?

A

When a computer wishes to send data it splits it into chunks called packets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How are packets sent over the internet?

A

Each is sent through a router gateway and then travels INDEPENDENTLY through routers to the destination. At the destination they are put back in order and reassembled

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the end-to-end principle?

A

The two end computers (start and finish point) are in control of the communication with the internet as a means to move packets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the advantages of the end-to-end model?

A
  • A partial network failure can be survived, the packages can just be resent when it is detected they have not all arrived
  • packets can be rerouted around failures by alternative paths
  • The internet can grow easily because control does not reside in the internet
  • Router design is simplified as they don’t have to notify each other when endpoint connections are formed or dropped
  • Role of the internet is simplified as security and integrity of packets is monitored at the endpoints
  • Each endpoint only has to be aware of the one router it is directly connected to
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is open architecture networking?

A

Designers are free to design networks in any way, all can communicate over the internet via a router gateway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is an IP address?

A

A unique address that identifies a computer or other electronic device on a network

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Which IP system is used today?

How many Ip addresses does it allow?

A

IPv4

2^32 ~4 billion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What two parts does an IP address include?

A

netID and hostID

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

In the IP address 196.100.11.4 which bit is the netID and which is the hostID?

A

network = 196.100.11

host=4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

How are IP addresses often expressed?

A

32 bits written as bytes separated with dots

eg. 166.100.11.4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What information does each router have to help it send packets?

A

A table of other routers, computers and networks it is directly connected to as well as some information about the hierarchical structure of the internet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

List in order the router hierarchy

A

-international
-national
-regional
-local
organisation networks (companies, schools, colleges etc)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the world wide web?

A

A system of interlinked hypertext documents accessed via the internet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

How is the world wide web used?

A

A web browser is used to view webpages containing
text images and multimedia
Navigating between pages is done using hyperlinks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is an intranet?

A

A private computer network that is used to share information or operations within an organisation only

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What does DNS stand for?

A

domain name system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is a domain name?

A

A memorable name corresponding to network IP address

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is a fully qualified domain name?

A

A domain name with the host ID and domain name

eg www. or mail. has the host ID added to the domain name which is the rest of the address

40
Q

What is the hierarchical system which domain names use? (which is essentially written bottom to top)

A
  • first-level
  • second level
  • third level
  • fourth level
  • public name of host

eg.mail.ags.bucks.sch.uk

41
Q

Give four examples of level 1 domain names and what they mean

A
  • com = commercial
  • edu = educational
  • org = non-commercial
  • uk = in the uk
42
Q

Give four examples of level 2 domain names and what they mean

A 
-co = commercial
ac = academic, higher education
-sch = school
43
Q

What is a DNS server?

A

A server accessed by hosts to convert fully qualified domain names into IP addresses to connect to other hosts on the internet

44
Q

What does URL stand for?

A

uniform resource locator

45
Q

What is a URL?

A

A short string representing the target of a hyperlink, specifying which server to access, access method and location in server

46
Q

What is the structure of a URL?

A

HOW - which protocol to be used, eg. http:/
WHERE-the host server, eg. www.microsoft.com
WHAT - The path to what is needed on the given server eg. index/index.html

47
Q

What does URI stand for?

A

uniform resource locator

48
Q

What is a URI?

A

A way of specifying how to access a resource on the internet. Includes URLs and URNs (which can be outside of the internet such as books)

49
Q

What does URN stand for?

A

uniform resource name

50
Q

What is the difference between URLs and URNs?

A

URLs identify resources by network location

URNs identify resources by name

51
Q

What are internet registries?

A

Stores for registered domain names, tracking the association between IP addresses and domain names so that they can be mapped onto each other
Each major domain (eg .com) has its own registry

52
Q

What are internet registrars

A

Private companies responsible for registering domain names to people and organisations

53
Q

What is JANET?

What is nominet?

A

joint academic network
internet registrar for all .ac.uk and .gov.uk domain names
Registrar for all other domain names

54
Q

What is the client-server model?

A

A client software process initiates a request for a service from a server software process, the server responds to the request

55
Q

In the client-server model are the client and server hardware or software?

A

software

56
Q

What is a server?

A

A software process which provides a service requested by a client

57
Q

What is a client?

A

Software process that requests and uses services provided by a server

58
Q

What is a protocol?

A

A set of agreed signals, codes and rules for data exchange between systems

59
Q

What is a protocol stack?

A

A collection of protocol layers, each responsible for part of the process governed by the stack

60
Q

What is the basic protocol used in the internet?

A

TCP/IP

61
Q

What is the TCP/IP protocol stack?

A

A protocol stack specific to TCP/IP protocol

62
Q

What are the layers of TCP/IP protocol stack?

A
  • application (telnet, email, web browsing etc)
  • transport (TCP)
  • Network (IP)
  • Link (device driver and interface card)
63
Q

What is the role of the transport layer in a TCP/IP stack?

A

TCP software in the layer connects hosts and ensures a reliable flow of data by detecting when errors occur, re-transmitting packets and detecting when a connection is broken
It also splits data being sent into packets and reassembles packets in the right order for use when they are recieved

64
Q

What is a port?

A

A typical host on a TCP/IP network runs multiple processes at once, data packets have to be sent to the right process (by TCP software)
An additional address element (the port) is added for the software process needed

65
Q

What is a socket?

A

A combination of host IP address and port number

The connection between two sockets provides bi-directional communication between end processes or applications

66
Q

What is the network layer?

A

Ip software takes packets from the transport layer and adds destination and source IP addresses
Takes packets from the link layer and removes source and destination IP addresses

67
Q

What is the link layer?

A

Adds the source and destination hardware addressesto packets from the network layer before sending them onto the local cable
Handles all the physical details of interfacing with the cable, including the network interface card and a device driver

68
Q

In an ethernet local area network (LAN) what are the hardware addresses the link layer deals with?

A

Ethernet card addresses or MAC addresses
A hardware address would be assigned as the ethernet card address , then the ethernet card address of the gateway connected

69
Q

What is application layer?

A

Handles the details of the particular networking application, using different protocols for different applications
eg. http for a web browser application

70
Q

What is the payload?

A

The actual data sent in a packet

71
Q

What are client port numbers?

A

A temporary port number assigned to each client process

72
Q

How are client port numbers allocated?

A

Incrementally from 1024 to 4095

73
Q

What are well known port numbers?

A

Universally known port numbers in the range of 0 to 1023

eg 80 or 8080 are web server

74
Q

What does HTTP stand for?

A

hypertext transfer protocol

75
Q

What is HTTP?

A

A very simple application-level protocol
A client sends a GET request to a server and the server responds with a message that can contain many forms of data but probably includes text formatted with HTML

76
Q

What does HTML stand for?

A

hypertext markup language

77
Q

What does a request to view a basic webpage look like with HTTP?

A

GET/

78
Q

What is the default webpage for a site (found with a GET request)?

A

index.html

79
Q

What happens to a connection when a response message is sent to a GET request?

A

HTTP is finished with the connection and the TCP connection will be broken unless it is specifically requested to remain connected

80
Q

What does a web page returned by an HTTP GET request consist of?

A

A text file containing content and how the content should be displayed

81
Q

What does a web browser do when sending an HTTP GET request ?

A
  • Accepts URI from user
  • Extracts FQDN and uses a DNS server to find the corresponding IP address
  • Sends a GET request to this IP address (port 80 unless told otherwise)
  • Receives a file returned by the server
  • Uses style and structure instructions to render file’s contents in the browser window
  • If the file contains other URIs (eg references to graphics), another GET request will be issued to request that resource
82
Q

What does FTP stand for?

A

file transfer protocol

83
Q

What is FTP?

A

An application level protocol which enables files on one host to be copied to another host, one host running an FTP client and the other an FTP server

84
Q

Which ports does FTP use?

A

21=commands

20=data

85
Q

What must be typed into the address bar to use FTP in a web browser?

A

ftp://

86
Q

How do some FTP servers restrict access?

A

They require a registered username and password

87
Q

If the username is ‘anonymous’ for an FTP server what is the password?

A

An email address

88
Q

What is telnet?

A

A text based protocol that can be used to manage a remote machine and edit files etc as if it was the clients own machine, read HTML text of a webpage and send/retrieve email

89
Q

What is the well known port of telnet listening servers?

A

23

90
Q

What does SMTP stand for?

A

simple mail transfer protocol

91
Q

What is SMTP?

A

A relatively simple text based protocol

One or more recipients of mail are specified and the text is transferred to a mail server listening on port 25

92
Q

What does POP3 stand for?

A

post office protocol version 3

93
Q

What is POP3?

A

An application layer protocol used to receive stored mail sent from a destination mail server
Email is stored in a mailbox and the user does not have to be connected for mail to be received
The server holds the mail until the user connects and requests the mail

94
Q

What does HTTPS stand for?

A

hypertext transfer protocol over secure socket layer

95
Q

What is HTTPS?

A

A web protocol developed by netscape to encrypt ad decrypt user page requests and the pages returned by a server
Uses the secure sockets layer beneath the HTTP application layer, using port 443 instead of 80
Used for sensitive communication such as payment transactions and corporate logons

COMPUTING (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions