Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

The cardiovascular system > Structure of the heart > Flashcards

Structure of the heart Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three layers of the heart (from outermost to innermost)

A
  1. Pericardium
  2. Myocardium
  3. Endocardium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the function of the pericardium

A

To prevent the heart from over stretching and protect it from structural damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the inner layer of the pericardium composed of

A

Two serous membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What do the serous membranes in the inner layer of the pericardium produce and what is the function of this

A

Serous fluid between the two layers to provide lubrication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the two layers of the pericardium

A

The parietal pericardium (outer)

The visceral pericardium (Inner)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does the serous fluid between the two layers of the pericardium do

A

permits the membranes to move against each other without friction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the myocardium made of

A

thin filaments of actin and thick filaments of myosin (muscular layer)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the endocardium made of

A

single layer of epithelial cells continuous with the innermost layer of the blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the trabeculae cardneae

A

Rough muscle bundles that line the anterior and inferior walls of the right ventricle, lower two thirds of the septum and inferior walls of the right ventricle. Involved in contraction of the heart.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What helps the cardiac muscle to be fatigue resistant

A

The cells in the cardiac muscle contain a large number of mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is cardiac muscle innervated through

A

The autonomic nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the 4 chambers of the heart

A

The left and right atrium and the left and right ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the pathway of blood flow through the heart

A

Superior and inferior vena cava sends deoxygenated blood from the body to the right atrium.

Blood flows through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle.

Blood is pumped through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary trunk which divides into right and left pulmonary arteries.

Deoxygenated blood is taken into the lung for gaseous exchange.

Capillaries bring oxygenated blood into pulmonary venules and pulmonary veins.

Veins empty into the left atrium of the heart where the blood is pumped through the bicuspid valve to the left ventricle.

From the left ventricle, blood is pumped through the aortic valve into the aorta and then out to the body through the arteries, arterioles and capillaries.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What divides the left and right sides of the heart.

A

The septum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the role of the valves of the heart

A

Ensure blood flows in one direction, from the atria to the ventricles, while preventing back flow from the ventricles into the atria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the valves between the atria and ventricles

A

atrioventricular valves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the two atrioventricular valves

A

tricuspid (right side of heart) bicuspid (left side of heart)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the valves at the entrances to the major arteries from the heart

A

semilunar valves (pulmonary valve and aortic valve)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the function of the valves during blood flow through the heart

A

When the ventricles relax, the semilunar valves close and the atrioventricular valves open, allowing blood to move from the atria into the ventricles.

Once the ventricles contract, the atrioventricular valves close and the semilunar valves open, ensuring that blood moves from ventricles to pulmonary trunk and aorta and not back into atria.

20
Q

What circulatory system supplies blood to the heart itself

A

coronary circulation

21
Q

What is the blood supply to the lungs

A

the pulmonary circulation

22
Q

what is the blood supply to the rest of the body

A

the systemic circulation

23
Q

What happens in the pulmonary circulation

A

pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs to be oxygenated, which is carried back to the heart by the pulmonary veins

24
Q

What happens in systemic circulation

A

Arteries carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body to be used by the cells, and the deoxygenated blood is carried back to the heart by the veins.

25
Q

What are the three main types of blood vessels

A

arteries (carry blood away from heart)

capillaries (exchange of water, nutrients and waste products between blood and tissues)

veins (carry blood back towards the heart)

26
Q

What are the three structural layers of the arteries and veins

A
  1. Outer fibrous layer (tunica externa)
  2. Middle layer of muscle and elastic tissue (tunica media)
  3. Inner layer of smooth endothelium (tunica intima)
27
Q

What is the function of the tunica externa

A

anchors blood vessels to nearby organs, nerves and other blood vessels and provides passage for nerves and small lymphatic and blood vessels

28
Q

What is the function of the tunica media

A

Smooth muscle allows vasoconstriction and vasodilation altering blood flow and pressure. Elastic fibres allow for expansion and recoil, with collagen providing structural support

29
Q

What is the function of the tunica interna

A

Enhances flow and prevent coagulation. Selectively permeable and can secrete vasoactive substance to alter diameter of blood vessels.

30
Q

What changes structurally when arteries get smaller (further away from the heart)

A

The less elastic tissue is present to withstand less pressure of blood.

Muscle tissue increases allowing walls to dilate and constrict the size of BV.

31
Q

Why is the tunica media of veins thinner than arteries

A

Because the venous circulation is under much lower pressure than the arterial side

32
Q

Why do veins collapse if cut

A

Because the tunica media of veins is really thin

33
Q

What do some veins have that prevents back flow of blood

A

Valves

34
Q

What are capillaries made up of and what is the function of this

A

a single layer of endothelial cells which form a semipermeable membrane that separates blood and interstitial fluid

35
Q

What is the net filtration pressure (NFP)

A

the difference in pressure at the two ends of the capillary

36
Q

What does the conduction system consist of

A

SA node, AV node, AV bundle (bundle of his), right and left bundle branches, purkinje fibres

37
Q

What is a single cycle of electrical activity moving across the heart and causing contraction known as

A

The cardiac cycle

38
Q

What is the pacemaker of the heart

A

The Sinoatrial node

39
Q

What is the flow of electrical activity through the heart

A

SA initiates an impulse that spreads across the atria, triggering atria to contract simultaneously.

Blood pumped into ventricles.

Nerve impulse reaches the AV node in the wall of the septum.

Short delay to allow atria to finish contracting and to allow ventricles to fill with blood.

nerve impulse carried from AV node to ventricles through AV bundle (bundle of his).

AV bundle divides into right and left bundle branches passing down septum and dividing into each ventricle.

Subdivide into purkinje fibres to cover more surface area.

PKF pass over surface of both ventricles and trigger contraction of cardiac muscle pumping blood to lungs and rest of body.

40
Q

What is a cardiac cycle

A

one complete heartbeat during which the heart contracts and relaxes (systole and diastole)

41
Q

What is cardiac output

A

the volume of blood pumped out of the heart per minute

42
Q

how do you calculate cardiac output

A

stroke volume x heart rate

43
Q

what is stroke volume

A

the blood pumped out of each ventricle per heartbeat

44
Q

what is the heart rate

A

the number of heartbeats in one minute

45
Q

what is blood pressure

A

the pressure exerted by the blood against the arterial walls by the pumping force of the heart

46
Q

how do you calculate blood pressure

A

cardiac output x peripheral resistance

47
Q

what control systems in the body regulate blood pressure

A

autonomic division of the nervous system

RAAS of endocrine system

The cardiovascular system (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions