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Nucleic acids and mitosis > structure of DNA and RNA > Flashcards

structure of DNA and RNA Flashcards

1
Q

what does DNA do?

A

a molecule that stores genetic information

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2
Q

what is RNA responsible for?

A

transferring genetic information from DNA to ribosmoes

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3
Q

where are ribosomes formed from?

A

RNA, as well as proteins

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4
Q

what is a nucleotide made up of?

A
  • a pentose sugar
  • a nitrogen-containing organic base
  • a phosphate group
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5
Q

why is a ‘pentose’ sugar so called?

A

it has 5 sugars

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6
Q

what is the pentose sugar in DNA?

A

deoxyribose

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7
Q

what is the pentose sugar in RNA?

A

ribose

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8
Q

name all the organin is bases

A
  • adenine
  • cytosine
  • guanine
  • thymine
  • uracil
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9
Q

name all the organic bases present in DNA

A
  • adenine
  • cytosine
  • guanine
  • thymine
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10
Q

name all the organic bases present in RNA

A

the same as DNA however with uracil instead of thymine

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11
Q

name the bond formed when two neucleotides are joined

A

phosphodiester

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12
Q

what type of reaction is used to join the nucleotides together ?

A

condensation

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13
Q

what is the only way in which one polynucleotide chain can differ from another?

A

the sequenece of bases in the polynucleotide

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14
Q

what are both DNA and RNA molecules examples of ?

A

a group of biological molecules called nucleic acids

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15
Q

what are both DNA and RNA polymers made of?

A

monomer units called nucleotides

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16
Q

how many components is a nucleotide made up of?

A

3

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17
Q

what do many nucleotides together form?

A

a polynucleotide strands

18
Q

why is it referred to as a sugar phosphate backbone?

A

the phosphate group and the sugar are identical throughout the chain

19
Q

give examples of purines

A

adenine and guanine

20
Q

give examples of pyrimidines

A

thymine and cytosine

21
Q

which base is larger out of purines and pyrimidines?

A

purines are larger bases the pyramdines

22
Q

how are the vases in each strand of DNA held together?

A

with hydrogen bonds

23
Q

which bases are always paired with each other in DNA?

A

adenine always pairs with thymine

cytosine always pairs with guanine

24
Q

what term is used to describe the pairing of bases?

A

complementary base pairing

25
Q

how many hydrogen bonds do adenine and thyine form ?

A

2

26
Q

how many hydrogen bonds do cytosine and guanine fom?

A

3

27
Q

A sample of DNA was analysed and 15% of the nucleotides contained adenine. what % of the nucleotides would u expect to contain guanine? explain your answer

A 
35%
15 x 2 =30
100 - 30 =70
70 / 2 =35
if 15% are adenine then 15% must be thymine as they are complementary, so the rest is guanine and thymine, guanine and cytosine are present equally
28
Q

describe the structure of DNA?

A

two long polynucleotide chains
one running the opposite way to the other
twisting to form a double helix
the bases on each strand held together by hydrogen bonds

29
Q

some viruses have single stranded DNA. hoe could an analysis of a piece of DNA tell you if it was sngle stranded ?

A

there would not be an equal proportions of adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine, due to no base pairing

30
Q

what makes DNA a stable molecule?

A

it is a double helix
many hydrogen bonds
the covalent bonds in the sugar phosphate backbone

31
Q

what allows DNA to replicate exactly when cells divide?

A

complementary base paring

32
Q

why is complementary base pairing useful in the structure of DNA?

A

allows DNA to replicate exactly

33
Q

in DNA replication what do weak hydrogen bonds allow for ?

A

the separation of the DNA strand

34
Q

in DNA what controls protein synthesis?

A

it has a precise genetic code, determined by the sequence of bases

35
Q

what does the double helix shape of DNA allow for ?

A

DNA molecules are long, so contain large amounts of coded information, so the double helix shape allows it to fit inside the nucleus of cells

36
Q

how many different bases are there in DNA?

A

4

37
Q

how many different amino acids are there in proteins?

A

20

38
Q

which base is not found in RNA?

A

thymine

39
Q

is uracil a purine or pyrimidine base?

A

pyrimidine

40
Q

describe the structure of RNA

A

relatively short

single stranded polynucleotide made up of RNA nucleotides

41
Q

where does protein synthesis occur?

A

on ribosomes found in the cytoplasm and on the rough enodplasmic reticulm

42
Q

why did scientists think proteins were more likely to contain the genetic information than DNA?

A

they had a greater chemical diversity , more monomer units meaning a greater number of combinations of how they can be joined together

Nucleic acids and mitosis (3 decks)

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