Structure of Animal Cells Flashcards
English natural philosopher and polymath, developed the ___, described microscopic anatomy, and coined the term “cell”.
Discovered the cell.
Robert Hooke
Compound microscope
Discovered ____ that causes diarrhea.
___ and ___.
Used a single-lens microscope.
Giardia lamblia
Bacteria, Protozoa
Antoni van Leeuwenhoek
Three important people in cell theory are
Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow
Plant cells come from pre-existing cells
Schleiden
Animal cells come from pre-existing cells
Schwann
All cells come from pre-existing cells through cell division.
Virchow
Cell Theory 3 Principles
- All living things are composed of cells
- Cells are the smallest unit of living organisms
- New cells come only from pre-existing cells by cell division
Characteristics of life
- Organization
- Assimilation
- Metabolism
- Excretion
- Responsiveness
- Movement
- Self-replication
No true nucleus
Simple
DNA is naked
Average size is ___ micrometer
Prokaryotic cells
0.1 - 10 micrometer
Has nucleus
Complex
Double membrane bounded organelles
DNA with histones
Average size is ___ micrometer
Eukaryotic
10 - 100 micrometer
Prokaryotic organism
Monera
Eukaryotic microorganisms
Protist, fungi, animalia, plantae
Most common cell shapes
Squamous, cuboidal, columnar
Wider than it is tall; flat cells
Ex: cheek cells
Squamous
Equal width length
Cuboidal
Taller than it is wide
Ex: Epithelial cells
Columnar
Many sides
Polygonal
Ex: neurons shape
Stellate
Ex: White Blood cells
Spheroid
Also known as biconcave
Ex: Red Blood cells
Discoid
Spindle-shaped
Wider at the center, narrower in the sides
Ex: Smooth muscle cells
Fusiform
Long and elongated
Fibrous
Muscle fibers
Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth
Tiny cellular structures that perform specific functions.
Embedded within the cytoplasm.
Membrane bound or non-membrane bound.
Organelles
Phospholipid and proteins bilayer
Gatekeeper
Cell or Plasma membrane
Parts of a plasma membrane
Membrane Lipids, Membrane Proteins, Membrane Carbohydrates
Plasma membrane protein that binds to chemical messengers.
Receptor
Plasma membrane protein that breaks down a chemical messenger and terminates its effects.
Enzyme
Plasma membrane protein that is constantly open and allows ions to pass through.
Ion Channel
Plasma membrane protein that opens and closes to allow ions through only at certain times.
Gated Ion Channel
A plasma membrane glycoprotein acting to distinguish the body’s own cells.
Cell-identity marker
Plasma membrane protein that binds one cell to another.
Cell-adhesion molecules
Synthesis of lipids
Metabolism of carbohydrates
Detoxification of drugs and poisons
Storage of calcium ions
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)
ATP synthesis
Powerhouse of the cell
Mitochondria
Contains the genetic material
Control center
One nucleus/cell except: __, __ __ cells, and __.
Nucleus
RBCs, skeletal muscle cells, osteoclasts
The cell’s genetic material
Genetic blueprint
Direct protein synthesis
DNA
Non-membranous organelle
Made up of 2 ribosomal units (rRNA + ribosomal proteins)
Protein factory
Ribosomes
Attached ribosome
rER
Unattached ribosomes
Cystosol
Non-membranous pair of short cylindrical structures of microtubules that lie at right angles at each other at the centrosome.
Spindle microtubule formation.
Centriole
Double membrane pierced by many nuclear pores.
Outer membrane continuous with the rER.
Nuclear envelope / membrane
Consists of DNA and histone proteins
Threadlike
Chromatin in non-dividing cells
Chromosomes
Chromosomes vital roles
Cell division
Heredity
Variation
Mutation
Repair
Regeneration
Membrane-bound cell organelle
Small and help sequester waste products or contain stored food.
Vacuole
Vacuole that helps sequester waste products
Waste vacuole
Vacuole that contains food
Food vacuole
Dark-staining, non-membranous, spherical body within the nucleus.
Composed of proteins and RNA
Produces the small and large subunits of ribosome (rRNA + proteins)
Presence and relative number indicate the protein synthesis activity.
Nucleolus
Flattened interconnected sacs studded with ribosomes
Secretory proteins
Cellular membranes
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Flattened interconnected sacs / membrane eclosed sacs
Cisternae
Stack of membrane-enclosed sacs
Distinct polarity: cis-face and trans-face
Synthesize polysaccharides, modified by addition of proteins to produce proteglycans.
Modifies, packages, sorts, and distinguishes products from ER.
Extensive in cells specialized for secretion
Golgi Apparatus
Discovered Golgi apparatus
Camillo Golgi
Distinct polarity of golgi apparatus
cis-face and trans-face
Region outside the nucleus
Contains watery solution (cytosol) where organelles, cytoskeleton, and inclusions are located
Gel-like consistency
Medium for chemical reactions
Cytoplasm
latin word that means to break down
lys
latin word that means body
soma
Membrane bound, degradative organelle containing hydrolytic enzymes
Intracellular digestive system
Autophagy and autolysis
Lysosome
Selective self-digestion of worn-out organelles.
Autophagy
Destroys old, weakened cell and its organelles.
Autolysis
watery solution, intracellular fluid (ICF)
Cytosol
Cytoplasm parts
Organelles, cytoskeleton, inclusions, and cytosol
Extensions of the cell surface
Microvilli
Cilia
Flagella
Pseudopods
7.5 micrometer
Discoidal biconcave
No nucleus at maturity
Red blood cells / Erythrocytes
12.5 micrometer
Spherical spheroidal
Visible nucleus
Variable nuclear shapes
White blood cells / Leucocytes
60 micrometers
Squamous
Visible nucleus
Centrally located nucleus
Cheek cells
Receives molecules from the ER
Cis-face
Releases modified molecules to other parts of the cell.
Trans-face
Releases modified molecules to other parts of the cell.
Trans-face
Cells that break down old bone to make room for new bone growth
Osteoclasts
Small folds in the plasma membrane that increase the cell’s surface area.
Microvilli
Long-whiplike extensions that helps some single-celled organisms to move.
Flagella
Microscopic hair-like projection that line the respiratory, reproductive, and digestive system.
Cilia
Primarily used for movement (locomotion) and capturing food by engulfing prey.
Pseudopods
