Structure of airway

Question 1

Name of the structures of the respiratory tract from superior to inferior

Answer 1

Nose, Naval cavity and Sinuses

Nasophranyx and Soft palate

Larynx

Trachea

Bronchi and Bronchial tree

Lungs and Pleura

Thoracic wall

Diaphragm

Mechanisms of respiration

Question 2

Respiration is termed as

Question 3

Inhalation/inspiration are achieved by

Question 4

Exhalation/expiration is achieved by

Question 5

Name the nose and naval cavity structures

Answer 5

Question 6

What is the nasal septum?

Answer 6

The Nasal Septum a midline structure which separates the leY and right nasal cavi)es. Anteriorly the septum is made of septal car)lage, while posteriorly the septum is made of bone.

** If septum deviated from midline, sinus drainage may be compromised causing for example sinusitis - inflammation of the sinuses.

Question 7

What are the boundaries of the nasal cavities?

Question 8

Nasal septum and floor on photo from longitudinal slicing.

Answer 8

Question 9

Incoming air must be filtered, humidified, and warmed in the nasal cavity.

Answer 9

The lateral wall of the nasal cavity contains 3 nasal conchea/ turbinates ( superior, middle inferior ). These conchae provide turbulence and increasing surface area for air flow and heat exchange.

Question 10

What would you see on the aterior view of the nasal cavity?

Answer 10

Question 11

Nasal cavity as a tent with a pole in the middle

Answer 11

Question 12

Nasal cavity as a summary

Answer 12

The nasal cavity is divided by the midline septum, the turbinates ( conchae ) project from the lateral wall and overhanf the meati, into which the sinuses open. Norbits are immeditately lateral to the nasal cavity

Question 13

The maxillary sinus and the septum in relation to sinusitis.

Answer 13

The maxillary sinus opening is high in its medial wall and clearance of mucus is dependent upon cilliary action, which may be compromised by infection, possibly leading to sinusitis. A deviated septum may also predispose to sinusitis.

Question 14

The nasal cavity sinuses

Answer 14

Question 15

The sinuses from a frontal plane.

Answer 15

Question 16

Is the nasal cavity highly vascularised or low vascularised?

Answer 16

Nasal mucosal membrane is highly vascularised. These vessels anastamose between branches of the external carotids and internal carotids ( both L and R )

Question 17

Nasal cavity: Nerves

Answer 17

Question 18

What is the Pharynx?

Question 19

What does the pharynx lie behind?

Answer 19

In order;

The nasal cavity ( Nasopharynx)

The oral cavity ( Oropharynx )

The larynx ( Laryngopharynx )

Question 20

The nasophraynx role?

Answer 20

Transports air

Divided from oropharynx by soft palate.

Question 21

Oropharynx and larynopharynx role?

Answer 21

Transports air plus food and fluid

These must be seperated so air passes into the larynx while food and fluid continue into the laryngophraynx.

Question 22

The nasalpharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx on the anterior wall of the pharynx.

Answer 22

Question 23

What is the larynx as a term?

Answer 23

The Larynx is a membranous tube suspended between car)lages, the posi)ons of which are controlled by muscles. Laryngeal diameters may be altered to allow the passage of air only, and control airflow for speech and raising intra-abdominal pressure.

Question 24

Laryngeal cartilages for larynx are called?

Answer 24

Question 25

Aryepiglottic fold

Answer 25

Aryepiglocc fold is at the upper edge of the quadrangular membrane, while the ves)bular fold is formed by the lower edge of the quadrangular membrane. The vocal fold is the upper edge of the cricovocal/cricothyroid membrane. Aryepiglottic folds form the laryngeal inlet, which is the protective sphincter.Closure of the inlet is by elevation of the larynx, which is lifted up and forward during swallowing - toilet. Muscles within the aryepiglottic folds aid both closure and widening of the laryngeal inlet. You can feel this yourself on your neck.

Question 26

Folds and saccules/ ventricle of the larynx?

Answer 26

Within the opening of the laryngeal ventricle is the saccule where there are mucosal glands which help lubricate the vocal folds.

Question 27

Larynx: vocal folds

Answer 27

The vocal folds control laryngeal diameter for: speech, coughing, sneezing and raising the intra- abdominal pressure, vital in micturi)on, defeca)on and liYing heavy objects. Muscles within and adjacent to the vocal folds narrow or widen the opening (rima glottidis), or alter their tension.

Question 28

Larynx: muscles What is their main actions?

Answer 28

1. Close and open the inlet ( aryepiglottic fold ) 2. Close and open the rima glottidis ( arytenoid gliding and rotation ) 3. Shorten/lengthen the vocal folds ( " rocking" at cricothyroid joints )

Question 29

What is the actions of the larynx nerves?

Answer 29

Superior laryngeal nerve supplies only 1 muscle and sensa)onabove vocal cords. Recurrent laryngeal nerve supplies all other muscles, and sensa)on of vocal cords and below. Laryngeal nerves may be at risk during thyroid surgery.

Question 30

Trachea function and placement

Answer 30

* In front of oesophagus * Medial to caro)d arteries and internal jugular veins * Inferior to larynx * Thyroid gland surrounds the upper por)on

Question 31

Trachea in aspect to bronchi

Answer 31

The trachea divide into right and left main bronchi