Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOPSYCHOLOGY > STRUCTURE OF A NEURON > Flashcards

STRUCTURE OF A NEURON Flashcards

1
Q

It is the neuron’s control center, containing the nucleus and other organelles. it process incoming signals and maintains the neurons health

A

CELL BODY (SOMA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

contains the cell genetic material (DNA)

A

NUCLEUS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

includes various organelles such as mitochondria (energy production) ribosomes (protein synthesis)

A

CYTOPLASM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

are branching extensions that receive signals from other neurons. they conduct electrical message to the cell body.

A

DENDRITES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

carries electrical impulses away from the cell body to other neuron, muscles or organelles

A

AXON

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The cone-shaped region where the axon joins the cell body. it is the site where action potential are initiated.

A

AXON HILLOCK

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

A fatty layer that covers the axon in segments. it acts as an insulator, increasing the speed of signal transmission

A

MYELIN SHEATH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Gaps in the myelin sheath where ion channels are concentrated, allow the action potential to jump from node to node (saltatory conduction)

A

NODES OF RANVIER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

the end points of axon where neuron makes contact with other cells. where neurotransmitter release into synaptic cleft to communicate with other neurons or affector cells

A

AXON TERMINAL (SYNAPTIC BOUTONS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

It is a fluid within cells

A

ICF (INTRACELLULAR FLUID)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the 3 major ions in the ICF

A

POTASSIUM (K+)
PHOSPHATE (HPO4^2-) AND PROTEINS
SODIUM (Na+)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The predominant ion with a high concentration inside the cell

A

POTASSIUM (K+)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

These are negatively charged and help balance the positive charged and help balance the positive charge of K+

A

PHOSPHATATE (HPO4^2-) AND PROTEINS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Present in lower concentrations compared to the extracellular fluid.

A

SODIUM (Na+)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

the fluid outside cells, including interstitial fluid and blood plasma

A

ECF (EXTRACELLULAR FLUID)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Major ions in the ECF

A

SODIUM (NA+)
CHLORIDE (CL-)
CALCIUM (CA2+)
POTASSIUM (K+)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The predominant ion with a high concentration outside the cell.

A

SODIUM (NA+)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The main anion in the ECF

A

CHLORIDE (CL-)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Also, present in a significant amount

A

CALCIUM (CA2+)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

present in lower concentrations compared to the intracellular fluid.

A

POTASSIUM (K+)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

It plays a pivotal role in generating and propagating action potential

A

ELECTROCHEMICAL GRADIENT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

This gradient is formed due to differences in the concentration of ions across the membrane. ions will naturally move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration to reach equillibrium

A

CHEMICAL GRADIENT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

this gradient is formed due to differences in the concentration of ions across the membrane. ions are attracted to areas of opposite charge.

A

ELECTRICAL GRADIENT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

a brief electrical impulse that travels along the axon of a neuron triggered when the membrane potential reaches a certain threshold it results in the rapid depolarization and repolarization

A

ACTION POTENTIAL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

the stable voltage difference across a cell membrane when the neuron is not actively firing an action potential

A

RESTING POTENTIAL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

is the movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower
concentration.

A

DIFFUSION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

These are proteins that create specific pathways for charged ions to pass
through the cell membrane.

A

ION CHANNELS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Always open, allowing ions to move down their concentration gradient.

A

LEAK CHANNELS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Open or close in response to specific stimuli (voltage-gated, ligand-
gated, or mechanically gated).

A

GATED CHANNELS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Active transport mechanisms that move ions against their concentration
gradients using ATP.

A

ION PUMPS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

a membrane protein that actively transports sodium ions out of the neuron and potassium into the neurons

A

SODIUM-POTASSIUM PUMP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

the process by which the membrane potential of a neuron becomes less
negative (more positive) than its resting potential. This is a critical step in the generation of an action
potential.

A

DEPOLARIZATION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

refers to the process by which the membrane potential becomes more negative than the resting
potential.

A

HYPERPOLARIZATION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

occurs after an action potential has been fired. During an action potential, the neuron’s
membrane potential becomes more positive (depolarization) due to the influx of sodium ions (Na+) into the cell.

A

REPOLARIZATION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

play a crucial role in maintaining
the fidelity of neuronal signaling. These
mechanisms are essential for proper neuronal
communication and overall nervous system
function.

A

REFRACTORY PERIODS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

This is the period immediately following the initiation of an action potential during which no
stimulus, no matter how strong, can trigger another action potential.

A

ABSOLUTE REFRACTORY PERIOD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

period, there is a phase during which a neuron can fire another
action potential, but only in response to a stronger-than-usual stimulus.

A

RELATIVE REFRACTORY PERIOD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

An action potential either occurs fully or not at all. Once the
threshold is reached, the action potential will propagate along the entire length of the
axon without decreasing in size.

A

ALL-OR-NOTHING PRINCIPLE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

This process ensures that electrical signals are
transmitted quickly and accurately within the nervous system, allowing for complex
functions such as sensation, movement, and cognition.

A

PROPAGATING ACTION POTENTIAL

42
Q

neurons that release neurotransmitters that promote the firing of an
action potential in the receiving neuron.

A

EXCITATORY NEURON

43
Q

They release neurotransmitters
that decrease the likelihood of the postsynaptic neuron firing an action potential.

A

INHIBITORY NEURON

44
Q

They are the principal excitatory neurons in these regions and play a crucial role in
cognition, memory and motor control.

A

PYRAMIDAL NEURONS

45
Q

These cells also use glutamate as their
neurotransmitter, which excites other neurons and helps propagate neural signals.

A

GRANULE CELLS

46
Q

receive input from the thalamus and excite other neurons in the
visual cortex, contributing to visual perception.

A

SPINY STELLATE CELLS

47
Q

receptors are both types of glutamate receptors, which are the primary excitatory neurotransmitter
receptors in the central nervous system.

A

AMPA and NMDA

48
Q

WHAT IS AMPA?

A

A-AMINO-3-HYDROXY-5-METHYL-4-ISOXAZOLEPROPIONIC ACID

49
Q

WHAT IS NMDA

A

N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE

50
Q

These neurons release GABA, which binds to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, opening ion
channels that allow chloride ions (Cl−) to flow into the cell. The influx of negative ions hyperpolarizes the
membrane, making it less likely that an action potential will occur.

A

GABAergic NEURONS

51
Q

These inhibitory neurons are found in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex and are known for
their ability to control the output of excitatory pyramidal neurons.

A

BASKET CELLS

52
Q

These are fast-spiking GABAergic neurons that provide rapid and precise
inhibitory signals. They are involved in controlling the timing of neuronal activity and are crucial for
processes like attention and sensory processing.

A

PARVALBUMIN-POSITIVE (PV) NEURONS

53
Q

These specialized inhibitory neurons target the axon initial segment of pyramidal neurons,
where action potentials are initiated.

A

CHANDELIER CELLS

54
Q

These large, elaborate neurons release GABA and provide inhibitory input to the deep cerebellar
nuclei, which helps modulate motor movements and ensure precise coordination.

A

PURKINJE CELLS

55
Q

Because the relative permeability of the membrane greatly
favors sodium, the membrane potential goes to a value close to E Na ,
which is greater than 0 mV.

A

OVERSHOOT

56
Q

In myelinated axons,
action potentials skip from node to node. This type of action
potential propagation is called

A

SALTATORY CONDUCTION

57
Q

The process of
information transfer at a synapse is called

A

SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION

58
Q

a type of synapse thatrelatively simple in structure and function, and
they allow the direct transfer of ionic current from one cell to the next.

A

ELECTRICAL SYNAPSE

59
Q

allow neighboring cells to
share both electrical and chemical signals that may help coordinate their
growth and maturation.

A

GAP JUNCTIONS

60
Q

These vesicles store neurotransmitter, the
chemical used to communicate with the postsynaptic neuron.

A

synaptic vesicles

61
Q

Synapses in which the membrane differentiation on the
postsynaptic side is thicker than that on the presynaptic side are called

A

ASYMMETRICAL SYNAPSE

62
Q

those in which the mem-
brane differentiations are of similar thickness are called

A

SYMMETRICAL SYNAPSE

63
Q

________________requires that neurotransmitters be synthe-
sized and ready for release. Different neurotransmitters are synthesized in

different ways.

A

CHEMICAL SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION

64
Q

slower, longer, lasting, and much more diverse postsynaptic actions.

A

G-PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS

65
Q

excitatory. A transient postsynaptic membrane depo-
larization caused by the presynaptic release of neurotransmitter is called an

A

EPSP (EXCITATORY POSTSYNAPTIC POTENTIAL)

66
Q

A transient hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic mem-
brane potential caused by the presynaptic release of neurotransmitter is called an

A

INHIBITORY POSTSYNAPTIC POTENTIAL (IPSP)

67
Q

neurotransmitter receptors are also commonly found in the membrane of the
presynaptic axon terminal.

A

AUTORECEPTORS

68
Q

This method uses labeled antibodies to identify the location of molecules within cells.

A

IMMUNOCYTOCHEMISTRY

69
Q

a synthetic probe is constructed containing a sequence of complementary nucleotides that will allow it to stick to the mRNA.

A

IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION

70
Q

This method enables a researcher to apply drugs or neurotransmitter candidates in very small amounts to the surface of neurons.

A

MICROIONITOPHORESIS

71
Q

are a class of drugs, derived from the opium poppy, that are both
medically important and commonly abused.

A

OPIATES

72
Q

The idea that a
neuron has only one neurotransmitter is often called

A

DALE’S PRINCIPLES

73
Q

When two or more transmitters are released from
one nerve terminal, they are called

A

CO-TRANSMITTERS

74
Q

is the neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular
junction and is therefore synthesized by all the motor neurons in the spinal cord and brain stem.

A

ACETYLCHOLINE (ACH)

75
Q

the small lipid molecules, can be released from postsynaptic neurons and act on postsynaptic terminal

A

ENDOCANNABINOIDS

76
Q

It serve as a kind of feedback system to regulate the conventional forms of synaptic transmission, which of course go from “pre” to “post.”

A

RETROGRADE MESSENGERS

77
Q

The whole process that couples the neurotransmitter, via multiple steps,
to activation of a downstream enzyme is called a

A

SECOND MESSENGER CASCADE

78
Q

the breakdown of neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft by enzymes

A

NEUROTRANSMITTER DEGRADATION

79
Q

the brains ability to change and adapt in response to experience or injury, involves the strengthening and weakening.

A

NEUROPLASTICITY

80
Q

The small gap between the pre and post synaptic neurons across which neurotransmitter are released

A

SYNAPTIC CLEFT

81
Q

small changes in membrane potential that occur in the dendrites and cell body of an neuron

A

GRADED POTENTIAL

82
Q

a principle stating that once the threshold is reached an action potential will fire completely

A

ALL-OR-NONE PRINCIPLE

83
Q

the process by which multiple excitatory and inhibitory signals combine at the postsynaptic membrane

A

SUMMATION

84
Q

refers to the summing of signals overtime

A

TEMPORAL SUMMATION

85
Q

it refers to the summibg of signals from different synapses

A

SPATIAL SUMMATION

86
Q

Proteins that bind to neurotransmitters

A

NEUROTRANSMITTER RECEPTORS

87
Q

Receptors that acts as a ligand gated ion channels

A

IONOTROPIC RECEPTORS

88
Q

A type of receptor that does not directly open ion channels, instead activate second messenger systems through g-protein

A

METABOTROPIC RECEPTORS

89
Q

the breakdown of neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft by enzymes

A

ENZYMATIC DEGRADATION

90
Q

a receptors regulate motor and sensory pathways

A

GLYCINE

91
Q

A catacolamine neurotransmitter involved in the regulation of mood motivation and reward pathways.

A

DOPAMINE (DA)

92
Q

a monoamine neurotransmitter involved in mood regulation, emotional processing, sleep and appetite

A

SEROTONIN (5 HT)

93
Q

another catacolamine that is both a hormone and neurotransmitter involved in stress response, increasing heart rate blood flow and glucose availability during fight and flight response

A

EPINEPHRINE

94
Q

also called noradrenaline that involves in the body’s fight and flight response

A

NOREPINEPHRINE (NE)

95
Q

A neuropeptides that acts a natural pain reliver by binding to oipiods receptors

A

ENDORPHINS

96
Q

A neuropeptide and hormone involved in social bonding, reproduction and maternal behavior. also called a love hormone

A

OXYTOCIN

97
Q

Involved in both CNS and PNS. It plays a role in memory, learning and muscles contraction

A

ACETYLCHOLINE

98
Q

The enzyme responsible for synthesizing acetylcholine in the presynaptic neuron.

A

ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE

99
Q

Neurotransmitter released candidate molecule likely acting as the natural neurotransmitter

A

SYNAPTIC MIMICRY

100
Q

The enzyme catalyzed the formation of acetylcholine by transforming an acetyl group from acetyl COA to CHOLINE

A

ACETYL TRANSFERASE

BIOPSYCHOLOGY (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions