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[PIO 201] Introductory Physiology and Blood > Structure & Functions of the Cell > Flashcards

Structure & Functions of the Cell Flashcards

3
Q
A
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4
Q

What is the main function of the Golgi apparatus?

A

Protein modification, sorting, and secretion or degradation via the lysosomal pathway.

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5
Q

What are the components of the Golgi apparatus?

A

Membrane-bound compartments (flattened cisternae) interconnected in the perinuclear area.

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6
Q

What is the ER lumen?

A

The cisternal space of the endoplasmic reticulum.

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7
Q

What differentiates rough ER from smooth ER?

A

Rough ER is covered with ribosomes; smooth ER is not.

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8
Q

What are vesicles used for?

A

Transport molecules between different cellular compartments.

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9
Q

List the types of vesicles mentioned.

A
  • Clathrin-coated
  • Coat protein complex-I-coated
  • Endocytotic
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10
Q

What are the functions of the cytoskeleton?

A
  • Cellular transport
  • Cell growth and division
  • Cell differentiation
  • Signal transduction
  • Gene transcription
  • Cell and organelle motility
  • Cell shape maintenance
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11
Q

What are septin filaments?

A

Rod-like filaments formed by the polymerization of GTP-binding proteins.

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12
Q

What are microtubules?

A

Dynamic polar hollow cylinders involved in transport, structural support, and chromosome separation during cell division.

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13
Q

What are microfilaments composed of?

A

Solid polar rods made up of globular proteins called actin.

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14
Q

What role do intermediate filaments play in the cytoskeleton?

A

They confer mechanical strength to the cell.

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15
Q

What is the structure of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

A

Dynamic membrane-bound organelle made up of flattened sacs and branching tubules.

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16
Q

What is cytosol?

A

The fluid portion of the cytoplasm.

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17
Q

What is the bilipid layer model?

A

A continuous spherical lipid bilayer formed by molecular forces.

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18
Q

Define the fluid mosaic model.

A

A model describing membranes as fluids with proteins embedded in or attached to the bilipid layer.

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19
Q

What are lipid translocators?

A

Proteins that facilitate the movement of lipids between the inner and outer leaflets of the membrane.

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20
Q

What is the dynamic fluid-mosaic model?

A

A model that emphasizes the nonrandom distribution of membrane proteins and lipids forming microdomains.

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21
Q

What are centrioles?

A

Barrel-shaped cylindrical organelles essential for chromosome movement during cell division.

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22
Q

What is the primary function of lysosomes?

A

Mediating the degradation of extracellular and intracellular particles.

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23
Q

What causes lysosomal storage diseases?

A

Mutations of the gene that codes for lysosomal enzymes.

24
Q

What is the function of peroxisomes?

A

Perform degradative reactions, including beta oxidation of fatty acids and detoxification of reactive oxygen species.

25
Q

What is the main function of mitochondria?

A

Converting oxygen and nutrients into energy (ATP synthesis).

26
Q

What is the role of the nucleus?

A

Houses genetic material and is involved in intermediary metabolism, protein synthesis, and RNA synthesis.

27
Q

What is the nucleolus?

A

The site of ribosome synthesis within the nucleus.

28
Q

What genetic materials are found in the nucleus?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA).

29
Q

What is transitional ER?

A

A region of the ER where secretory proteins are exported to the Golgi complex.

30
Q

What are the functions of the ER?

A
  • Quality control of secretory cargo proteins
  • Protein processing
  • Lipid metabolism
  • Intracellular Ca2+ reservoir
31
Q

What is the transitional ER?

A

A region of the ER where secretory proteins are exported to the Golgi complex.

32
Q

What are the functions of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

A
  • Quality control sites in secretory cargo proteins (transitional ER)
  • Site of protein processing (rough ER)
  • Site of lipid metabolism (smooth ER)
  • Intracellular Ca2+ reservoir.
33
Q

Who introduced the Bilipid Layer Model?

A

Evert Gorter and François Grendel.

34
Q

What is the orientation of phospholipids in a fluid medium?

A

The head (polar hydrophilic) is directed towards the fluid medium, while the tail (nonpolar hydrophobic) extends in the opposite direction.

35
Q

What is the glycocalyx?

A

A carbohydrate-rich layer on the extracellular face of the plasma membrane, comprising glycoproteins, collagen proteins, proteoglycans, and mucopolysaccharides.

36
Q

Define lipidome.

A

The entire lipid composition of the cells of an organism.

37
Q

What are the three main groups of lipids in the plasma membrane?

A
  • Phospholipids
  • Glycolipids
  • Cholesterol.
38
Q

What are lipid rafts?

A

Small, heterogeneous, highly dynamic domains rich in sterols and sphingolipids that compartmentalize cellular processes.

39
Q

What is the structure of a phospholipid molecule?

A

Composed of a hydrophilic head with attached hydrophobic acyl chains.

40
Q

What are caveolae?

A

Flask-shaped membrane invaginations composed of integral and adaptor proteins.

41
Q

What are peripheral membrane proteins?

A

Proteins associated with one leaflet of the bilayer, involved in signal transduction and anchoring the plasma membrane to the cytoskeleton.

42
Q

True or False: Integral proteins span the membrane and are embedded in the lipid bilayer.

A

True.

43
Q

What is the role of membrane proteins in signaling?

A

They translate extra- and intra-cellular cues into meaningful signals.

44
Q

What does the term glycomics refer to?

A

The study of carbohydrates as information-encoding biological macromolecules.

45
Q

Fill in the blank: The plasma membrane is composed of _______.

A

[phospholipids, proteins, cholesterol, carbohydrates]

46
Q

What is the function of glycoproteins?

A

They are proteins conjugated to carbohydrate residues that can play roles in recognition and signaling.

47
Q

What are the functions of membrane lipids?

A
  • Vesicle budding and fusion
  • Cellular transport
  • Cell attachment and support
  • Cellular signaling
  • Regulation of cellular homeostasis.
48
Q

What is the role of cavins in the plasma membrane?

A

Involved in membrane remodeling.

49
Q

What is the function of lipid rafts in cellular signaling?

A

They form scaffolds for signaling molecules and receptors that relay information from the extracellular environment.

50
Q

What are clathrin-coated pits?

A

Membrane invaginations lined by clathrin protein, involved in the initial processes of endocytosis.

51
Q

What are the main functions of membrane carbohydrates?

A

They play roles in cell recognition, signaling, and forming the glycocalyx.

52
Q

What are the two types of proteins based on their solubility in membrane fluids?

A
  • Soluble proteins
  • Insoluble proteins.
53
Q

What are the two structural forms of membrane proteins?

A
  • Fibrous proteins
  • Globular proteins.

[PIO 201] Introductory Physiology and Blood (2 decks)

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