structure + function of the NS 2: L5

Question 1

lobes of the cerebral cortex

1. frontal
2. parietal
3. temporal
4. occipital

• > LH
• > RH

Answer 1

1. all cortex anterior to the central sulcus. plan, reason, reflect on behaviour. humans = larger than other animals
2. cortex behind central sulcus. LH = language & mental arithmetic. RH = salient objects in space
3. cortex located ventral (inferior) to the frontal and parietal lobes. recognising faces and objects
4. caudal to the parietal and temporal lobes. visual information

• > piecemeal, analytic and serial
• > synthesis of information

Question 2

other word for:

1. anterior
2. posterior
3. superior
4. inferior

Answer 2

1. rostral
2. caudal
3. dorsal
4. ventral

Question 3

Corpus callosum

1. define
2. contains number of axons
3. makes what possible
4. name for connecting corresponding regions of 2 hemispheres
5. name for connecting different cortical regions of 2 hemispheres
6. name for connecting adjacent regions within the same hemisphere
7. patients with intractable epilepsy may

Answer 3

1. large bundle of axons connecting cortical areas of the 2 cerebral hemispheres. Permits communication of APs between the 2 hemispheres
2. 200 million
3. perception, memory, thinking
4. homotopic fibres
5. heterotopic gibers
6. ipsilateral fibres
7. ave corpus callosum surgically cut to prevent abnormal electrical activity spreading from one hemisphere to another

Question 4

Limbic system

1. define
2. most important parts
3. what connects these structures with other regions of the brain? most notably what region?
4. where does the cingulate cortex lay within the limbic system. what does it do?
5. hippocampus involved in
6. example of role of hippocampus

Answer 4

1. (papez) - motivation and emotion
2. hippocampus and amygdala -> located adjacent to the lateral ventricle of each temporal lobe
3. bundle of axons = fornix. mammillary bodies -> they form part of the hypothalamus
4. above the corpus callosum. emotional response to pain
5. learning and memory
6. H.M. epileptic seizures. Temporal lobectomy -> amnesic -> problem with new learning and long-term memory

Question 5

Basal Ganglia

1. define
2. contain
3. principle nuclei are
4. nuclei of the basal ganglia responsible for
5. dysfunction in patients with

Answer 5

1. collection of nuclei within each hemisphere
2. cell bodies of collections of neurons = grey matter
3. caudate nucleus, putamen and globus pallidus
4. controlling movement, especially involuntary or highly automised
5. parkinson’s disease = degeneration of neurons in midbrain

Question 6

Forebrain: Diencephalon

1. made up of
2. define both

• > lateral geniculate nucleus receives information from
• > medial geniculate nucleus receives information from

Answer 6

1. thalamus and hypothalamus
2. thalamus = relay station for sensory information being conveyed to cerebral cortex

• > retina -> primary visual cortex
• > inner ear -> primary auditory cortex

hypothalamus = controls autonomic nervous system and endocrine system. also regulates behaviours necessary for survival: fighting, fleeing, feeding.

Question 7

The midbrain (Mesencephalon)

1. define
2. dorsal part
3. brainstem = what structures
4. inferior colliculi does what
5. superior colliculi does what
6. ventral part of midbrain is called
7. reticular formation
8. substantia nigra

Answer 7

1. junction between cerebrum and spinal cord
2. tectum. consists of the superior and inferior colliculi
3. diencephalon, midbrain & hindbrain
4. auditory processing
5. auditory, visual processing and spatial localisation
6. tegmentum, containing nuclei
7. one cluster of nuclei in tegmentum. sleep arousal -> damage = coma/death
8. one nucleus within tegmentum. produce dopamine ( in parkinson’s dopamine is no longer conveyed to basal ganglia)

Question 8

Hindbrain:

1. metencephalon
2. myelencephalon

Answer 8

1. consists of the pons and cerebellum
   pons = nuclei regulate sleep & arousal. relays information from cerebral cortex to cerebellum via cerebella peduncles
2. commonly called medulla. links hindbrain to the spinal cord contains neurons for autonomic functions

Question 9

Cerebellum: metencephalon

1. consists of
2. what do the nuclei do
3. bundles of axons called the cerebellar peduncles connect
4. functions of cerebellum

Answer 9

1. • 2 hemispheres (like the cerebrum)
     - outer cerebellar cortex and several deep nuclei
2. receive projections from the cerebella cortex and send out projections to the rest of the brain from the cerebellum
3. cerebellum to the pons
4. coordination of movement, fine tunes motor behaviour

Question 10

Cerebrum =
cerebellum =
brainstem=

Answer 10

(google for image)

• big part of the brain with all the folds
• small part nested underneath
• brainstem basically the start of the spine leading down from the cerebrum

Question 11

Spinal column

1. contains
2. individual vertebrae are
3. hollow inside the spinal column called

Answer 11

1. spinal column - 24 individual vertebrae stacked on top of one another. it’s a long rod of nerve tissue
2. cervical (neck), thoracic (chest) and lumbar (lower back) regions. Sacral and coccygeal are in the pelvic region
3. spinal foramen

Question 12

Spinal cord

1. purpose
2. grey matter
3. white matter
4. dorsal root and ventral root
5. how many pairs of spinal nerves + their purpose

Answer 12

1. transmit somatosensory information from the body to the brain & distribute motor axons to various organs (glands and muscles). it has 3 meninges
2. (cell bodies) inside
3. (axons) outside -> carrying information toward the brain & from the brain to glands & muscles
4. bundle of axons emerging from the sides of the spinal cord, they join together to form a spinal nerve
5. 31 + receive information from the sensory receptors they innervate & to convey information from the brain to the grands & muscles

Question 13

Dorsal and ventral root ganglia

1. afferent neurons
2. efferent neurons

Answer 13

1. found in the dorsal roots. they are cell bodies that receive sensory information (bear towards CNS) and bear towards the CNS. These neurons are pseudounipolar
2. found in ventral root. they are cell bodies that convey information from the brain to the glands & muscles (bear away from CNS)

Question 14

Cranial nerves

1. number
2. function
3. damage involving ventral surface of brain

Answer 14

1. 12
2. serve the sensory and motor functions of the head and neck
3. results in loss of function of one or more cranial nerves

Question 15

Autonomic nervous system

1. regulates
2. consists of 2 antagonistic subsystems

Answer 15

1. smooth muscle (skin, blood vessels, eyes) control of blood pressure, body temperature and digestion
2. • sympathetic division (arousing) = readies body for emergencies/ stressful situations: fight or flight
     - parasympathetic division (calming) = conserves and restores bodily resources

Question 16

Sympathetic branch of ANS
1. cell bodies of sympathetic motor neurons located

Parasympathetic branch of ANS
2. cell bodies of parasympathetic neurons located in 2 regions

Answer 16

1. grey matter or the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord. Axons of these neurons exit via ventral roots -> pass to a chain of sympathetic ganglia = forms sympathetic ganglia chain which runs parallel to the spinal cord
2. (1) nuclei of some of the cranial nerves
   (2) grey matter of the sacral region of the spinal cord