Structure/function

Question 0

Function of proteins-trypsin

Answer 0

Enzyme secreted from pancreas into small intestine and digests food

Question 1

Functions of proteins- hemoglobin

Answer 1

Main protein found in red blood cells that binds to oxygen and helps blood carry oxygen from lungs to tissues (transport services)

Question 2

Functions of proteins-insulin

Answer 2

Enzyme secreted from pancreas into blood stream after a meal when blood glucose levels are high. It stimulates cells to convert excess glucose into energy storage molecules such as glycogen

Question 3

Function of proteins-immunoglobulin

Answer 3

(Antibodies) proteins which bind to surfaces of foreign objects such as viruses or bacteria, identifying those objects as targets for attack by your immune system

Question 4

Protein of functions- myosin

Answer 4

Major protein involved in muscle contraction.

Question 5

Function of proteins- keratin

Answer 5

Forms fibers in hair

Question 6

Functions of proteins opsin

Answer 6

Optical vision proteins binds to pigment named retinal which is derived from vitamin A and when retinal pigment struck by photon, it changes its own shape and the shape of the protein opsin which binds to it, triggering a nerve impulse to the vision processing portion of brain

Question 7

Amino acid structure and exception

Answer 7

NH2-CH-COOH-side chain

Exception: side chain bonded to amine and central carbon

20 amino acids, proteins constructed by linking amino acids into long chains

Question 8

Smallest amino acid

Answer 8

Glycine, it’s side chain is H

Question 9

Condensation reaction

Answer 9

Water is produced

Carboxyl group of one AA joins with the amino group of another AA to form a substituted amide group

Counting starts from the amine group

Question 10

Hetereopolymers

Answer 10

Composed of different amino acids

Same amino acids (starch) homopolymer

Proteins may contain up to several hundred amino acids which occur in a specific sequence dictated by information encoded in genes of organism producing the protein

Question 11

Protein folding

Answer 11

Capable of folding into 3D structures and different amino acids are responsible for generating the different shapes

Question 12

Uses of nucleic acids

Answer 12

Storage of genetic info and storage of chemical energy

Question 13

RNA/DNA formation and process

Answer 13

DNA is a type of polymer which stores genetic info in the form of a double helix.

Process of using DNA info to synthesize proteins included an intermediate step in which a single polymeric strand of RNA, called mRNA is produced. The terms RNA/DNA are composed of monomer units called nucleotides.

ATP Process used

Question 14

ATP

Answer 14

Adenosine triphosphate

Small monomer called a nucleotide which releases a lot of energy when one of the three phosphate groups is cleaved away.

Question 15

Structures of nucleotides in DNA/RNA

Answer 15

Nucleic acid polymers are constructed from nucleotides.

Question 16

RNA structure

Answer 16

5 carbon sugar ribose, a phosphate group attached to 5’ Carbon of sugar and a base attached to the 1’ Carbon.
OH attached to 2’ C

Ribonucleotides joined together to make RNA or ribonucleic acid

Question 17

DNA structure

Answer 17

Deoxyribonucleotides have 5 carbon sugar ribose with phosphate group attached to 5’ carbon and base attached to 1’ carbon.
An oxygen is missing at the 2’ position

Question 18

Polynucleotide chain

Answer 18

AT(U), GC

A (large base) always pairs with T through two hydrogen bonds, the third one is too far. The NH is a hydrogen bond donor on Thymine and N with lone pair on adenine is hydrogen bond acceptor.

Guanine always pairs with cytosine through three hydrogen bonds.

Question 19

DNA function

Answer 19

Provide mechanism for duplicating genetic info when a cell divides so a copy can be incorporated into each of the resultant daughter cells.

During replication the two strands of original DNA separate and two new strands are synthesized to complement each of the old strands. The structural aspects of base pairing provide the basis for the replication function

Question 20

DNA mRNA transcription

Answer 20

During transcription, Double stranded DNA partially unwinds to expose side chains of DNA strand. The lower DNA strand will serve as a template for constructing a complementary mRNA. (For a brief time, the DNA and mRNA will be a double helix) the mRNA separates from the DNA and regenerates the old DNA. The mRNA will have same sequence as old DNA but with a U and ribonucleotides.

Question 21

Translation

Answer 21

mRNA binds to ribosome where the info in mRNA is used to make a protein .

Each group of three nucleotides on mRNA codes for one amino acid in the protein bring synthesized by the ribosome.

tRNA attach to amino acids and bind to the mRNA in the ribosome during translation of the mRNA sequence.

Genetic code: correspondence between nucleic acid triplet and its corresponding amino acid

Question 22

Large delta G ATP

Answer 22

ATP is primary storage energy molecule in cells. The molecule can undergo an extremely favorable reaction characterized by a large negative change in Gibbs free energy.

Cleavage of ATP into ADP extremely favorable. Energy used (muscle contraction)

ATP: 3 negatively charged phosphate groups held together at end of molecule. (Repulsion) when bond to the phosphate group at the end of the molecule is broken, that phosphate is repealed away from the remainder of the molecule. This separation is favorable.

equiibrium lies in the direction of cleaved products

Question 23

Monosaccharides-Aldoses

Answer 23

Monomeric units of carbohydrates

Aldoses: 1st upper carbon is an aldehyde group

Carbonyl (C=O) at the top of molecule whereas other carbons attached to OH groups

Question 24

Ketoses

Answer 24

Major class of monosaccharides.

Ketone group with C=O at second carbon from top while other carbons have alcohol oxygens including carbon at top

Question 25

Carbohydrate

Answer 25

C(H2O)n.

Glucose: string of carbons connected to hydrogen and hydroxyl
OH group polar (like water) and soluble in water

Question 26

Human blood groups A B O

Answer 26

Short polymers of sugar arranged in a specific sequence and attached to lipids or proteins in the surface of cells.

Specific sequences synthesized by series of enzymes each catalyzing one reaction joining 2 specific types of carbohydrate units.

Transfusions

Question 27

Starch

Answer 27

Homopolymer of glucose

Carbohydrates form Hetero and homo polymers

Question 28

Cellulose

Answer 28

Homopolymer of glucose

Formation of hydrogen bonds between glucose units in the same cellulose strand and between glucose units belonging to different cellulose strands. This H bonds provides rigidity and cell wall in plants

Question 29

Lipids

Answer 29

Non polar molecules insoluble in water. Two major classes; fatty acids and molecules derived from them.

Question 30

Phospholipids

Answer 30

Used to form outer membrane if cells separating the aqueous solution on the outside of cells from aqueous solution (cytoplasm) on the inside of cells.

Waxes from honeycombs of bee hives

Generated by starting with glycerol (three carbon triple alcohol)
Two fatty acids firm eaters with two of the alcohol groups and the third OH forms an eater to the phosphoric acid which in turn forms another water bond to an alcohol (X)
Final structure has a polar end (negative phosphate) and also had two long non polar tails (r1,r2)

Question 31

Five carbon molecule isoprene

Answer 31

Testosterone, retinal

Question 32

Non polar fatty acids

Answer 32

Fatty acids have formula (ch2)n. Polar carboxyl group at one end but the molecule is mostly a long non polar hydrocarbon chain.

Question 33

Nonpolar methane + O2 -> polar h2o + co2

Answer 33

Two reactants have non polar bonds because H and C have identical electronegative ties.

In water and co2 though, oxygens can steal electrons away from neighboring h or carbon atoms. Oxygen is more EN than C or H. Products have polar binds.

Heat is released. You would need heat to get reactants.!

Question 34

Membrane lipid bilayer

Answer 34

In water, phospholipids aggregate to form lipid bilateral. Structure which enables non polar ends of phospholipids to be buried away fb rom solvent. The polar phosphate groups face the water on either side of bilayer. A bilayer may form a sphere enclosing an aqueous interior (human d ell) the dual polar-non polar structure of phospholipids generates biological function of forming membranes to separate solutions and construct cellular and su cellular compartments

Question 35

Retinal vision pigment

Answer 35

Retinal derived from vitamin A (derived from beta carotene found in carrots) and is bound to protein opsin

Together they’re called rhodopsin. When light is absorbed by the retinal, it switches back and forth between CIS and trans config at one of its double bonds.. This change in structure ultimately triggers sensation of vision