Structure & Bonding

Question 1

How do atoms achieve stable structures?

Answer 1

Sharing or transferring electrons to form ions or molecules

Question 2

What is a covalent bond?

Answer 2

Bonding by sharing electrons between non-metallic elements

Question 3

When are ionic compounds formed?

Answer 3

When metallic and non-metallic elements transfer electrons to each other

Question 4

What type of ions do metals form?

Answer 4

They lose electrons to form Positive ions

Question 5

What type of ions do non-metals form

Answer 5

The gain electrons to become negative ions

Question 6

What is an ionic bond?

Answer 6

The electrostatic force of attraction between positively and negatively charged ions

Question 7

How many electrons do elements in group 7 have in their outer shell

Answer 7

7

Question 8

How many electrons do elements in group 1 have in their outer shell

Answer 8

1

Question 9

Explain what happens to the atoms when the atoms of an elements when lithium and fluorine react

Answer 9

Lithium loses an electron to form a lithium ion with a positive charge Li+, fluorine atoms gain an electron to form a Florida ion with a positive charge F-

Question 10

What is a compound?

Answer 10

2 or more elements chemically combined

Question 11

What are ionic compounds like?

Answer 11

Giant structures made of ionic bonds which holds oppositely charged ions together

Question 12

What are the giant ionic structures like?

Answer 12

Very regular as all the ions pack together neatly

Question 13

In which direction do electrostatic forces of attraction act?

Answer 13

All directions

Question 14

Each ion in the giant structure or ……… Is surrounded by ions with the ………. Charge

Answer 14

Lattice

Oppositely

Question 15

How are the sodium and chlorine ions arranged in the ionic compound, sodium chloride?

Answer 15

They alternate to form a cubic lattice but still have equal numbers of each ion

Question 16

What does the ratio of ions in a structure depend on?

Answer 16

The ratio depends on the charges of the ions

Question 17

If calcium ions have a charge of Ca2+ and chloride ions are CL- what would the formula of calcium chloride be?

Answer 17

CaCl2

Question 18

What is used to represent the atoms and ions involved in forming ionic bonds?

Answer 18

Dot and cross ions

Question 19

What is the charge of an ionic compound?

Answer 19

They are neutral

Question 20

How can you work out the formula of an ionic compound?

Answer 20

Balancing the charges ( for every Na+ ion there is one Cl-

Question 21

How is the charge of a transition metal shown?

Answer 21

The Roman numeral eg Iron(II)

Question 22

How can you work out the charge of ions?

Answer 22

The group number

Question 23

How do you form the formula of an ionic compound is one of the ions contains more than one element?

Answer 23

Brackets must be used eg Ca(OH)2

Question 24

What does the formula of an ionic compound represent?

Answer 24

The simplest ratio of the ions in the compound and does not represent a molecule

Question 25

What is a covalent bond?

Answer 25

The attraction between 2 atoms that share one or more pairs of atoms

Question 26

What are substances held together with covalent bonds called?

Answer 26

Molecules

Question 27

Atoms of group 7 need to gain ….. Electron do form a ………. Covalent bond

Answer 27

1

Single

Question 28

Atoms of group 6 need to gain ….. Electron do form a ………. Covalent bond

Answer 28

2

Two

Question 29

What are giant covalent structures like carbon called?

Answer 29

Macromolecules

Question 30

What are the atoms in a metallic element like?

Answer 30

They are all the same size

Question 31

What are metallic giant structures like?

Answer 31

The atoms are arranged in closely packed layers in regular patterns

Question 32

What happens when metal atoms pack tightly together?

Answer 32

The electrons I the highest energy level delocalise and can move freely between the atoms

Question 33

What is produced when the elections in the highest energy level delocalise?

Answer 33

A lattice of positive metal ions in a sea of delocalised electrons

Question 34

How is a metallic structure held together?

Answer 34

There is electrostatic forces of attraction between the delocalised electrons and the positive metal ions

Question 35

Explain why silicon (group 4) has a giant structure?

Answer 35

Silicon atoms form 4 covalent bonds each silicon atom, can join to four others the bonds are strong; this continues so that a giant structure is formed