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Physical Science And Scientific Investigation > Structure And Properties Of Matter > Flashcards

Structure And Properties Of Matter Flashcards

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0
Q

Molecule

A

When atoms form a unit with a specific number of atoms of 2 or more elements. Basic unit of a compound. For example water.

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1
Q

How is a compound formed?

A

She two or more atoms are combined in a fixed proportion. Most substances are compounds.

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2
Q

Diatomic molecules

A

Elements that are at their most stable when bonded to another of its kind. Example O2, N2

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3
Q

Substance

A

Matter that has a uniform composition. Ex pure water is substance because it’s composition and properties are always the same. Apple juice is not a substance because it varies

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4
Q

What are the two types of properties you can use to distinguish one substance from another?

A

Physical and chemical properties.

Physical properties can be determined without changing the substance into something else, whereas chemical properties are the substance’s ability to combine with other substances can only be measured by changing the substance

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5
Q

Extensive properties (extrinsic)

A

Depends on amount of matter present. Includes mass and volume

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6
Q

Intensive (intrinsic) properties

A

Properties independent of amount of material present. Density, melting point, boiling point, electrical conductivity

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7
Q

Homogeneous mixture

A

Made of two or more distinct substances but have a constant composition within the sample. Clear apple juice

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8
Q

Solution

A

Homogenous mixture in a liquid state

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9
Q

Heterogeneous mixture

A

Mixture where substances retain their distinct characteristics and do not blend completely. Orange juice with pulp

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10
Q

If an electron is farther from the nucleus, what is the relationship with its energy level?

A

It is of a higher energy level

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11
Q

What is the atomic number

A

Number of protons in the atomic nucleus

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12
Q

What is the mass number?

A

The sum of the number of protons and the number of neutrons. If you subtract atomic number from mass number, you get the number of neutrons

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13
Q

Where is most if the mass of an atom?

A

In the nucleus, however it makes up very little volume

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14
Q

What is an elemental group?

A

Elements in each column of the periodic table that exhibit similar properties, like shiny, electron conducting elements would be metals

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15
Q

Elemental Groups:

Non-metals

A

H, C, N, O, P, S, Se

Very brittle and do not conduct heat or electricity very well. No shine. H is unique among the elements.

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16
Q

Elemental Groups:

Alkali Metals

A

Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr

On far left. Highly reactive having on 1 valence electron and combine readily with air or water (explode in water). Good conductors of heat and electricity. Low density, soft enough to cut with a knife. Don’t occur freely in nature

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17
Q

Elemental Groups:

Alkaline Earth Merals

A

Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra

2nd column from the left. Very reactive and not found in nature. Harder and less reactive than alkali metals.

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18
Q

Elemental Groups:

Transition Metals

A

Middle section of table. Hard, high melting points, excellent conductors of heat and electricity. Valence electrons are present in more than one shell. Top two rows have moderate to low reactivity, bottom two rows are more reactive, with the last row being radioactive.

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19
Q

What are the only elements to produce a magnetic field?

A

Iron, cobalt and nickel of the transition metals

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20
Q

Elemental Groups:

Other Metals

A

To the immediate right of transition metals (middle section). Solid, opaque and have a relatively high density. They differ because they don’t rust the same as the rest of the metals

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21
Q

Elemental Groups:

Metalloids

A

Diagonal stripe on the right side starting with B.Have properties of both non-metals and metals. Some are semi-conductors used in computers and calculators

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22
Q

Elemental Groups:

Gases

A

Second column from the right. Halogen gases are highly reactive having 7 valence electrons and combine with metals to form salts.

23
Q

Elemental Groups:

Noble Gases

A

Far right column. Very stable and entirely unreactive

24
Q

Elemental Groups:

Lanthanides

A

Located on top row of floating bottom section. Rare earth metals silver-gray in color, tarnish easily in air. High electrical conductivity. Occur naturally only in trace amounts.

25
Q

Elemental Groups:

Actinides

A

Bottom row of detached bottom section. Silver-gray color tarnish readily in air. High electrical conductivity and known for their nuclear reaction applications. Elements higher than 92 are man made

26
Q

How do we determine atomic number?

A

At the top of each cell. It represents the number of protons in a non isotope atom

27
Q

Where is the mass number of an element?

A

Given at the bottom if each cell

28
Q

How do you determine the reactivity of an element?

A

By seeing how close it is the the noble elements. The closer the more reactive

29
Q

What are the three types of chemical bonds?

A

Ionic (metal-nonmetal)
Covalent (nonmetal-nonmetal)
Metallic (metal-metal)

30
Q

Ionic bonds

A

Bond between metal and nonmetal elements. The metal element gives up its valence electrons becoming a positively charged cation, and the non-metallic element accepts the electron becoming a negatively charged anion. Because they are oppositely charged, they attract one another forming a strong bond

31
Q

Covalent bond

A

Bond between nonmetals. The atoms share a pair of electrons to fill their respective outer spheres with the shared valence electrons.

32
Q

Metal bonds

A

Metal atoms lose all of their valence electrons to form cations with a positive charge. The atoms are bound by the electrical attraction between metal cations and electrons. Metal conducts electricity well because the electrons are able to move easily from one atom to another

33
Q

What are Lewis dot diagrams?

A

Drawings that incorporate elemental symbol surrounded by dots which show their valence electrons. Bonds are shown as lines between atoms

34
Q

Temperature

A

Measure of motion, or energy, of particles

35
Q

Solid

A

Particles vibrate in place but don’t move relative to one another

36
Q

Liquid

A

Particles move randomly relative to one another but remain use due to attractive forces

37
Q

Has

A

Particles move relatively far from one another and do not interact significantly

38
Q

Chemical Reaction

A

The process by which atoms of substances rearrange to form new substances. Common signs of a reaction are a change in temperature, such as fire, change in color, generation of electrical current

39
Q

True or false

There are always same number and type of atom before and after reaction; they are just arranged differently.

A

True

40
Q

What are the basic steps to balance a chemical reaction?

A

Balance metals first
Non-metals except for oxygen are balanced next
Balance hydrogen
Finally, balance oxygen

41
Q

Types of Chemical Reactions:

Synthesis reaction

A

Reaction in which two or more reactants combine to form a single product

A+B -> C

42
Q

Types of Chemical Reactions:

Decomposition Reaction

A

Reaction in which a single compound breaks down into two or more elements or compounds

AB -> A+B

43
Q

Types of Chemical Reactions:

Single-displacement Reaction

A

Reaction where the atoms of one element replace the atoms of another element in a compound

AC+B -> A + BC

44
Q

Types of Chemical Reactions:

Double-displacement reaction

A

A reaction in which two different ionic compounds exchange ions

AB + CD -> AC+ BD

45
Q

What determines whether an aqueous solution is base or acidic?

A

The relative number of hydrogen (acidic) and hydroxide (base) ions.

46
Q

What is an acidic solution?

A

An aqueous solution which has more hydrogen ions relative to hydroxide ions.

47
Q

What are some general properties of acids?

A 
Sour taste
Electrical conductivity
Reactions with many metals
Turning litmus paper red
Reacting with base to form salt and water
48
Q

What determines if an aqueous solution is base?

A

Base solutions contain more hydroxide ions relative to hydrogen ions.

49
Q

What are some general properties if base solutions?

A

Bitter taste
Electrical conductivity
Dissolving many organic materials, such as grease
Tending not to react with metals
Feels slippery on skin
Turning litmus paper blue
Reacting with base to form salt and water

50
Q

What does the pH scale measure?

A

The relative strength of acids and bases 1-14.
Acids range from 1(strong)-6(weak),
7 is neutral
Bases are from 8(weak)-14(strong)

51
Q

How are elements defined?

A

By the number of protons in the atom

52
Q

What are the columns and rows of the period table called, and why are the arranged together?

A

Columns are called groups and they share similar properties due to generally having the same number of valence electrons

Rows are called periods, which categorizes elements depending in the number if electron shells.

53
Q

Exothermic process

A

Releases heat and causes surrounding area to heat up

54
Q

Endothermic process

A

Absorbs heat and cools surroundings

55
Q

Which of the four states of matter cannot change volume?

A

Solid, because it cannot be further compressed.

56
Q

Plasma

A

A gas whose particles have been heated to the point where the positive protons and negative electron particles have separated and flow freely. The emission of light is the result of the electrons momentarily recombining with the positive particles.

Physical Science And Scientific Investigation (5 decks)

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