Structure and nomenclature of organic compounds Flashcards
How do we systematically name organic chemical compounds?
how many electrons does a carbon atom contain, and what is its electron configuration?
carbon atoms contain 6 electrons: 2 in the first shell and four in the second shell.
Why are Alkanes considered saturated?
the molecule only contains single carbon-carbon bonds
Why are alkenes and alkynes considered unsaturated?
there are more than one double or triple carbon-carbon bond, meaning not all available bonds are satisfied. there are not as many hydrogen atoms as there could be.
what is meant by the term ‘bond strength’ and ‘bond energy’?
the covalent bond between carbon and other atoms have varying bond strength (measured by bond energy). it is the amount of energy required to break the covalent bond.
the higher the bond energy….
……the stronger the bond.
what are lone pairs?
non-bonding electrons
what does the VSEPR theory state?
the electron pairs around a saturated carbon atom repel each other so the bonds are furthest apart.
with electrons bonded at an angle of 109.5 degrees, what shape is created?
tetrahedral (draw structure)
Define a functional group?
an atom or group of atoms which give the compound characteristic chemical properties.
what does carbon form covalent bonds with?
with other carbon atoms and non-metallic atoms: hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen.
does the hydroxyl functional group have any lone pairs?
the -OH group has two pairs of non-bonding electrons on the oxygen.
what is an amine?
a series of organic compounds that contain the amino functional group, consisting on one nitrogen atom and two hydrogen atoms.
what is a primary amine?
amino function groups with one alkyl group attached. (primary, secondary and tertiary amines are according to the number of alkyl groups attached to the nitrogen atom)
what molecules contain a carbonyl function group?
aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, amides and esters.
what is the carbonyl functional group?
the group consists of a carbon atom connected to an oxygen atom by a double bond.
where is the carbonyl group located in an aldehyde?
at the end of the hydrocarbon chain, where the carbon is bonded to a hydrogen atom.
what does the carbonyl functional group in an aldehyde look like?
-CHO
where is the carbonyl group located in a Ketone?
attached to other carbon atoms- it is never at the end of the molecule.
what does the carbonyl functional group in a Ketone look like?
-CO-
where are halogens located on the periodic table?
group 7
how do halogens bond with carbon atoms?
due to 7 valence electrons, they form single covalent bonds with carbon
what are the common halo functional group elements?
fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine
what is the simplest ketone and its common name?
propanone, commonly known as acetone
what is the carboxylic acid functional group?
carboxyl group, a carbonyl attached to a hydroxyl:
-COOH
what is a primary amide?
a carbonyl functional group attached to an amino functional group: -CONH2
how are esters produced?
the reaction of a carboxylic acid with an alcohol
what does the ester functional group look like?
-COO-
how are esters named?
the first part is based on the carbon chain attached to the singly bonded oxygen, and the second part is based on the carbon chain attached to the carbonyl group.
what does pentyl propanoate smell like?
apricot
what does ethyl butanoate smell like?
pineapple
what does ethyl methanoate taste like?
rum
what does pentyl ethanoate smell like?
banana
highest priority functional group?
carboxyl
lowest priority functional group?
halogens
alternative name for: amides
carbamoyl-
alternative name for: aldehydes
formyl-
alternative name for: ketones
oxo-
alternative name for: hydroxyl
hydroxy-
alternative name for: amines
amino-
what is the shape of an alkene molecule and what is its bond angle?
planar or trigonal polar 120 (draw structure)
what is the shape of an alkyne molecule and what is its bond angle?
linear 180 (draw structure)
