Structure and Functions of CNS 2

Question 1

Degeneration of which part of brain results in Parkinsons Disease?

Answer 1

Substantia nigra- caudal midbrain

Question 2

Where is the red nucleus? what does it do?

Answer 2

Involved in motor control, receive fibres from motor cortex, frontal lobe
Rostal midbrain

Question 3

How is the cerebellum connected to the brainstem?

Answer 3

BY 3 pairs of fibre bundles:

Inferior, middle, superior cerebellar peduncles

Question 4

What does cerebellum do?

Answer 4

Voluntary movement
Balance
Coordination

Question 5

Subdivisions of Cerebellum

Answer 5

Archicerebellum-oldest part, balance
Paleocerebellum- posture, muscle tone
Neocerebellum- muscular coordination, force of movement

Question 6

What is Nystagmus?

Answer 6

Incordination of eye movement

Question 7

Symptoms of a cerebellar lesion

Answer 7

Intention tremor
Lower limbs (cerebellar ataxia)
Speech (dysarthria)
Eyes (nystagmus)

Question 8

Unilateral lesion of cerebellar hemisphere

Answer 8

Symptoms on the same side of body

Ipsilateral

Question 9

Bilateral dysfunction of cerebellar due to what?

Answer 9

Alcohol intoxication
Hypothyroidism
Inherited cerebellar degeneration/ataxia

Cause:
Slowness
Slurring of speech (dysarthria) 
Incoordination
Unsteady gait- cerebellar ataxia- staggering

Question 10

What is Charcot’s Triad?

Answer 10

Nystagmus
Dysarthria
Intention tremor
Tells you who has cerebellar disease

Question 11

What are the 3 layers of meninges

Answer 11

Dura mater- endosteal (closer to skull), meningeal (closer to brain)
Arachnoid layer
Pia mater

Question 12

Which layer contains CSF?

Answer 12

Subarachnoid space

Question 13

What is the cranial cavity?

Answer 13

Space within skull

Question 14

What in the arachnoid matter, returns CSF into superior sagittal sinus?

Answer 14

Villi project as lumps-Arachnoid granulations

Question 15

Pain from the dura matter is perceived as a headache from which nerve?

Answer 15

Trigeminal nerve

Question 16

Where is CSF located?

Answer 16

Later, third, fourth ventricle

Question 17

Where is CSF produced?

Answer 17

Choroid Plexus

Question 18

How are 3rd and 4th ventricle connected?

Answer 18

Cerebral aqueduct of sylvius

Question 19

How is 2nd and 3rd ventricle connected?

Answer 19

Interventricular foramen

Question 20

Which level does spinal cord finish for adults?

Answer 20

L1 and L2

Question 21

Which lvl does spinal cord finish for children?

Answer 21

L3

Question 22

Conus Medullaris

Answer 22

End of spinal cord

Question 23

Cauda Equina

Answer 23

Spinal nerves descending below conus medullar is into a bundle

Question 24

Where is the grey matter in the spinal cord?

Answer 24

Centre

Question 25

Lateral horn of spinal cord only present at what level?

Answer 25

Thoracic and upper lumbar

Question 26

Reason for bilateral brainstem lesion?

Answer 26

Stroke, tumour, MS

Question 27

Symptoms of unilateral brainstem lesion?

Answer 27

It is an UMN lesion
Contralateral side spastic hemiparesis (weakness of muscles- for body)
Contralateral (for body) Hyperreflexia (increases exaggerated reflexes)
Extensor plantar response
Sensation on opposite side too (for body)

For face it is ipsilateral side due to cranial nerves being LMN

Question 28

Are cranial nerves UMN or LMN?

Answer 28

LMN