Structure and Functions of CNS 2 Flashcards
Degeneration of which part of brain results in Parkinsons Disease?
Substantia nigra- caudal midbrain
Where is the red nucleus? what does it do?
Involved in motor control, receive fibres from motor cortex, frontal lobe
Rostal midbrain
How is the cerebellum connected to the brainstem?
BY 3 pairs of fibre bundles:
Inferior, middle, superior cerebellar peduncles
What does cerebellum do?
Voluntary movement
Balance
Coordination
Subdivisions of Cerebellum
Archicerebellum-oldest part, balance
Paleocerebellum- posture, muscle tone
Neocerebellum- muscular coordination, force of movement
What is Nystagmus?
Incordination of eye movement
Symptoms of a cerebellar lesion
Intention tremor
Lower limbs (cerebellar ataxia)
Speech (dysarthria)
Eyes (nystagmus)
Unilateral lesion of cerebellar hemisphere
Symptoms on the same side of body
Ipsilateral
Bilateral dysfunction of cerebellar due to what?
Alcohol intoxication
Hypothyroidism
Inherited cerebellar degeneration/ataxia
Cause: Slowness Slurring of speech (dysarthria) Incoordination Unsteady gait- cerebellar ataxia- staggering
What is Charcot’s Triad?
Nystagmus
Dysarthria
Intention tremor
Tells you who has cerebellar disease
What are the 3 layers of meninges
Dura mater- endosteal (closer to skull), meningeal (closer to brain)
Arachnoid layer
Pia mater
Which layer contains CSF?
Subarachnoid space
What is the cranial cavity?
Space within skull
What in the arachnoid matter, returns CSF into superior sagittal sinus?
Villi project as lumps-Arachnoid granulations
Pain from the dura matter is perceived as a headache from which nerve?
Trigeminal nerve
Where is CSF located?
Later, third, fourth ventricle
Where is CSF produced?
Choroid Plexus
How are 3rd and 4th ventricle connected?
Cerebral aqueduct of sylvius
How is 2nd and 3rd ventricle connected?
Interventricular foramen
Which level does spinal cord finish for adults?
L1 and L2
Which lvl does spinal cord finish for children?
L3
Conus Medullaris
End of spinal cord
Cauda Equina
Spinal nerves descending below conus medullar is into a bundle
Where is the grey matter in the spinal cord?
Centre
Lateral horn of spinal cord only present at what level?
Thoracic and upper lumbar
Reason for bilateral brainstem lesion?
Stroke, tumour, MS
Symptoms of unilateral brainstem lesion?
It is an UMN lesion
Contralateral side spastic hemiparesis (weakness of muscles- for body)
Contralateral (for body) Hyperreflexia (increases exaggerated reflexes)
Extensor plantar response
Sensation on opposite side too (for body)
For face it is ipsilateral side due to cranial nerves being LMN
Are cranial nerves UMN or LMN?
LMN
