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Clinical Skills > Structure and Function of the Respiratory & Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Structure and Function of the Respiratory & Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

Upper respiratory tract characteristics

A
  • A relatively large surface area
  • Complex structure of the nasal passages
  • A rich blood supply
  • Epithelium covered in mucous secretion
  • Hairs within the nasal passages
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2
Q

Nasal Cavities

A

Maximize ventilation

  • The hairs in the nose help to filter out any bacteria that enters when breathing through the nose
  • Really vascularized around the concha (3 bones together); heat provided which helps with humid air breathing and prevents and trachea spasm when it is cold
  • Cilia; trap any bacteria, transfuse mucous
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3
Q

Upper Respiratory Tract Structure

A
  • Nasal and oral cavities
  • Pharynx
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
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4
Q

Lower Respiratory Tract Structure

A
  • Lower part of trachea
  • Two primary bronchi
  • Lungs
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5
Q

Function of Nasal Cavity Structures

A
  • Internal and External cavities
  • Smelling and breathing
  • Rich blood and nerve supply
  • Lymphatic vessels drain into submandibular node, then into deep cervical nodes
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6
Q

Structure and Function of the Pharynx

A
  • For swallowing and breathing
  • Nasopharynx
  • Oropharynx
  • Laryngopharynx
  • muscles are anterior, middle, and posterior constrictor muscles
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7
Q

Larynx Characteristics/positioning

A
  • Protect lower respiratory tract from food
  • Continuous to trachea (inferiorly)
  • Attached to hyoid bone (superiorly) and lies below epiglottis of the tongue
  • Cartilaginous (epiglottis, thyroid, arytenoid and cricoid cartilage)
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8
Q

Larynx Structure

A
  • External’ and ‘internal’ musculature
  • Nerve supply from superior and recurrent laryngeal branches of vagus nerve
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9
Q

Nasopharynx characteristics/positioning

A
  • Situated above the soft palate and opens anteriorly into the nasal cavities
  • During swallowing – the nasopharynx is cut off from the oropharynx by the soft palate
  • Nasopharynx contains the opening of the eustachian tube and adenoids
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10
Q

Upper respiratory tract Structure of the larynx

A
  • External’ and ‘internal’ musculature
  • Nerve supply from superior and recurrent laryngeal branches of vagus nerve
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11
Q

Upper respiratory tract
Functions of the larynx

A
  • open valve when breathing
    -protection of trachea and bronchi during swallowing
  • speech production (phonation)
  • coughing
  • lifting
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12
Q

Divisions of Bronchi; how many

A
  • 23 of them
  • first 16 air anatomic dead space; not much gas transmission; not much transfusion of CO2 and O2
  • 17-23 air is conducted for gas exchange
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13
Q

Lower respiratory tract divisions of the bronchial tree

A

Trachea; Bronchi; Bronchioles; Terminal Bronchioles; Respiratory Bronchioles; Alveolar Ducts’ Alveolar Sacs

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14
Q

Upper Respiratory Tract Trachea Structure

A
  • 10 cm in length
  • Cricoid Cartilage to carina (C6 -T4/5)
  • ‘C-shaped’ rings of hyaline cartilage
  • thyroid gland straddles trachea
    -common carotid arteries lateral to trachea
  • esophagus behind trachea; recurrent laryngeal nerve (between these two structures)
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15
Q

Structure of Alveoli

A
  • Site of gas exchange
  • large surface area, good capillary bed and vasculature for better gas exchange
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16
Q

Lungs Positioning

A

Apex - Extends through the superior thoracic aperture into the root of the neck
Base – Concave diaphragmatic surface
Root – attachment for the lung and is the ‘highway’ for transmission of structures entering or leaving the lung at the hilum. Connects the medial surface of the lung to the heart and trachea
Hilum – Where the root is attached to the lung. Contains the main bronchus, pulmonary vessels (one artery and two veins), bronchial vessels, lymph vessels and nerves entering and leaving the lungs

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17
Q

Lungs Structure

A

-Apex, Base, Root, Hilum
- Separated from each other by the heart & vessels in the middle mediastinum
- attached to heart and trachea through pulmonary arteries/veins and main bronchi
-attached to pericardium by pulmonary ligaments

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18
Q

Lung Lobes and Fissures

A
  • Right = 3 Lobes; superior, middle, inferior and 2 fissures; horizontal and oblique
  • Left = 2 Lobes; superior inferior and 1 fissure; oblique fissure
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19
Q

Bronchopulmonary segments

A

Lungs divided into smaller segments which receives the gaseous mixture from the corresponding segment bronchus for gas exchange

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20
Q

Blood supply of the lungs; Arterial Supply

A
  • Pulmonary Arteries; pulmonary trunk –> deoxygenated blood to lungs for aeration –> corresponding root of the lung and branch to superior lobe before entering hilum –> lobar and segmental bronchi on posterior surface
    -Bronchial Arteries; connective tissue of the bronchial tree
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21
Q

Blood supply of the lungs; Venous Drainage

A
  • Pulmonary Veins; oxygenated blood from lungs to Left atrium of heart
  • Bronchial Veins;
    • Drain the large subdivisions of the bronchi
    • Drain part of the blood delivered by the bronchial arteries to the bronchial tree
22
Q

Lungs Pleurae

A
  • Cover lungs, chest wall, and mediastinum
    Inner (Visceral) Pleurae; next to organs
  • Outer (Parietal) Pleurae; against chest wall and mediastinum
  • Separated by liquid; frictionless slipping of two surfaces allowed this way
23
Q

Breathing & Exchange of Gases Terms

A
  • Ventilation/Breathing; act of moving gas into or out of the lungs = Inspiration & Expiration
  • Respiration; exchange of gases between the environment and tissue cells, and regulation of functions of the respiratory system
24
Q

Describe Ventilation

A
  • Conducting parts of airways (first 16 divisions) are anatomical dead space; air travels but no real gas exchange happening
  • 17-23 is gas-exchanging region of the lung; capillary blood supply and terminal alveoli help with this
  • Each inspiration/tidal volume brings about 500mls of air into lung
25
Q

Lung Volume Terms

A

IRV = Inspiratory Reserve Volume (inhale forcibly after normal tidal breath)
ERV = Expiratory Reserve Volume (Exhaled forcibly after exhalation)
TLC = Total Lung Capacity (max amount of air that can be accommodated in lungs (approx. 4-6 liters) after maximal inspiration)
FRC = Functional Residual Capacity (amount of air remaining in lungs after normal exhalation)
TV = Tidal Volume (amount of air going in and out)
RV= Residual Volume (Volume of air in lungs after exhalation)
VC = Vital Capacity

26
Q

Ventilation: Types of Dead Spaces

A
  • Anatomical Dead Space; air in the conducting passages that does not reach the alveoli; which is 1/3 of tidal volume
  • Alveolar Dead Space; air that reaches the alveoli, but not the blood because of insufficient perfusion
  • Anatomical Dead Space + Alveolar Dead Space = Physiological Dead Space
27
Q

How does gas exchange occur and where

A

Across the blood-gas barrier at the alveolar wall by passive diffusion

28
Q

Alveoli Structure and Function

A
  • large surface area for diffusion of gas
    -match ventilation and blood flow
    -minimize distance for diffusion
  • maintain structural integrity of alveoli
29
Q

Explain the diffusion process in the lungs

A
  • Large capillary bed (up to 1000) that come into contact with alveolus
  • RBC goes through pulmonary capillary and comes into contact with alveoli; where the diffusion of the gasses into the bloodstream occurs
30
Q

Describe the Gas Exchange that occurs

A
  • Dependent on blood and oxygen being present at the terminal alveoli
  • Perfusion (Q); adequate blood supply; LOWEST part of the lung
    -Ventilation (V); allows exchange of gases from alveoli into capillary bed
    -Ventilation (V) / Perfusion (Q)
31
Q

What is Ventilation Perfusion Matching?

A
  • the process of matching the flow of fresh air into the lungs with the flow of deoxygenated blood out of the lungs; V/Q
32
Q

How does your body control breathing (3 elements)?

A

Sensors; gather info and feed to central controller –> Central Controller (brain); coordinates info and sends impulses to the effectors –> Effectors (respiratory muscles) which cause ventilation

33
Q

Central Controller Function in Breathing

A
  • Brainstem sends impulse for autonomic processes of breathing (cortex can override and make this voluntary)
  • Respiratory centres (neurons) within Pons and Medulla control inspiration and expiration
  • Medullary respiratory centre – two recognizable areas; Dorsal respiratory group – associated with inspiration; Ventral respiratory group – associated with expiration
34
Q

Brainstem and its role in breathing

A
  • Apneustic centre LOWER PONS; don’t know if actually associated with respiration
    -Pneumotaxic centre UPPER PONS; inhibition of inspiration and regulation of inspired volume and rate
35
Q

Cortex in Breathing

A
  • Can override the involuntary brainstem control of breathing and convert it to voluntary to some extent
36
Q

Limbic System and Hypothalamus in Breathing

A
  • These can alter the pattern of breathing during ‘emotional states’ e.g. rage or fear
37
Q

Muscles of Respiration (Effectors)

A
  • External Intercostal
  • Internal Intercostal
  • Diaphragm; main muscle of respiration
38
Q

Function of the muscles of respiration

A
  • Quiet Inspiration; diaphragm, intercostals
  • Quiet Expiration; passive, controlled relaxation of intercostals and diaphragm
  • Forced Inspiration; scalene, intercostals, diaphragm, erector spinae
  • Forced Expiration; Elastic recoil reinforced by abdominal muscles
    Quadratus Lumborum pushes the ribs down
39
Q

Sensor Element in Breathing

A
  • Central Chemoreceptors (ventral surface of medulla and brain extracellular fluid); respond to change in H+ conc.
    increase H+ = stimulate ventilation
    decrease H+ = inhibit ventilation
  • Peripheral Chemoreceptors (CAROTID ARTERY BIFURCATION); respond to to decreases in arterial PO2 and pH and increases in arterial PCO2 LESS IMP THAN CENTRAL CHEMO
40
Q

Mechanics of Breathing

A

-Can’t change atmospheric pressure; alveolar pressure has to change for air flow
- chest expands (mainly diaphragm); expanding lungs –> contraction of external intercostal muscles (up and out) –> this lowering of intrapleural pressure allows lungs to contract; changing pressure and allowing for the expulsion of gas

41
Q

What is the pericardium

A

A tough fibrous sac that surrounds the heart and protects it from sudden overfilling

42
Q

Left Ventricle function

A
  • Forms apex of the heart, nearly all of left border, and diaphragmatic surface
  • more work than right ventricle; systemic system is higher pressure system than the pulmonary system
  • should be twice the size of right ventricle
  • ascending aorta arises from superior part of left ventricle
43
Q

Function of Heart

A

Pump blood for the body; right side recieves de-oxygenated blood; delivers it to lung; left side receives oxygenated blood; delivers to rest of the body

44
Q

3 Layers of Protection for the Heart

A

Endocardium (internal) –> Myocardium (middle) –> Epicardium (external)

45
Q

Cardiac Blood supply/venous drainage

A

Blood supply: Left/Right Coronary Arteries
Venous drainage: Coronary Sinus, Great Cardiac Vein

46
Q

Blood flow direction in heart

A

Superior Vena Cavae; right atrium; tricuspid av valve; right ventricle; pulmonary trunk (right semilunar valve); lungs; Pulmonary Vein; left atrium; bicuspid (mitral) av valve; left ventricle; Aortic trunk (left semilunar valve); body

47
Q

Identify the circulatory systems

A

Systemic system: blood for the body
Pulmonary system: blood for lungs
Cardiac system: blood for heart

48
Q

Regulation of the Cardiovascular System (3 elements)

A
  • Control Centre
  • Effectors (influence blood flow and pressure)
  • Sensors (monitor blood flow and blood pressure)
49
Q

Control centre Function in blood flow

A
  • medulla oblongata (CNS) (dorsal reticular region); cardiovascular centre neurons
  • two main neuron centres; Cardiac and Vasomotor
    Cardiac = Increase HR (contractility stimulated and inhibited by the cardiostimulatory/inhibitory centre)
    Vasomotor = Blood vessel tone; vasoconstrictor/dilator
50
Q

Effector role in blood flow

A

Blood pressure volume and flow
- Heart
- Smooth muscles of vessels
- Kidney

51
Q

Sensors role in Blood Flow

A
  • Monitor BP, chemicals and the amount of solute dissolved in blood. Pain, temperature, and osmolarity also start cardiovascular response
  • Baroreceptors (stretch)
  • Chemoreceptors (signals to CNS or activate local vascular smooth muscle)

Clinical Skills (5 decks)

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