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Psychopharmacology > Structure and Function of the Nervous System > Flashcards

Structure and Function of the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two primary types of cells

A
  • Neurons

- Glial cells

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2
Q

Sensory neurons

A

Neurons that are sensitive to environmental stimuli and convert physical stimuli into an electrical signal and transmit that info to circuits of interneurons

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3
Q

Interneurons

A

Nerve cells within the brain and spinal cord

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4
Q

Interneurons are responsible for what?

A
  • Conscious sensations
  • Recognition
  • Memory
  • Decision making
  • Cognition
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5
Q

Motor neurons

A

Nerve cells that direct a biobehavioural response appropriate for the situation

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6
Q

What are the common principal external features that neurons all have in common?

A
  • The soma
  • The dendrites
  • The axon
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7
Q

Soma

A

The cell body, which contains the nucleus and other organelles that maintain cell metabolic function

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8
Q

Dendrites

A

Treelike projections from the soma that receive info from other cells

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9
Q

Axon

A

The single tubular extension that conducts the electrical signal from the cell body to the terminal buttons on the axon terminals

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10
Q

Neurons are enclosed by a semipermeable membrane called what?

A

The cytoplasm

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11
Q

Mitochondria

A

Responsible for generating energy from glucose

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12
Q

What is the name for cytoplasm within the axon?

A

Axoplasm

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13
Q

Axon hillock

A

The portion of the axon that is adjacent to the cell body

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14
Q

Axon hillock

A

The portion of the axon that is adjacent to the cell body

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15
Q

Axon collaterals give neurons the ability to do what?

A

Influence many more cells

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16
Q

Cells that release dopamine are called what?

A

Dopaminergic neurons

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17
Q

Cells that release serotonin are called what?

A

Serotonergic

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18
Q

Cells that release serotonin are called what?

A

Serotonergic

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19
Q

What are the two types of glial cells that form the myelin sheath?

A
  • Schwann cells

- Oligodendroglia

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20
Q

Schwann cells

A

Glial cells that myelinate peripheral nerves that serve muscles, organs, and glands

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21
Q

Oligodendroglia

A

Glial cells which myelinated nerves within the brain and spinal cord

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22
Q

Where is the action potential regenerated during conduction of the electrical signal along the length of the axon?

A

At the nodes of Ranvier

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23
Q

What is the soma responsible for?

A

The metabolic care of the neuron

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24
Q

What part of the neuron is used for the synthesis of proteins that are needed throughout the cell for growth and maintenance?

A

The soma

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25
Q

What part of the neuron is used for the synthesis of proteins that are needed throughout the cell for growth and maintenance?

A

The soma

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26
Q

Chromosomes

A

Long strands of DNA

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27
Q

Genes

A

Small portions of chromosomes that code for the manufacture of a specific protein molecule

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28
Q

Genes

A

Small portions of chromosomes that code for the manufacture of a specific protein molecule

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29
Q

What are the important characteristics of ion channels?

A
  • They are relatively specific for a particular ion
  • ## Most channels are not normally open to allow free passage of the ions
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30
Q

What are the two types of ion channels?

A
  • Ligand-gated channels

- Voltage-gated channels

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31
Q

What are the four types of glial cells?

A
  • Schwann cells
  • Oligodendroglia
  • Astrocytes
  • Microglia
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32
Q

Astrocytes

A

Large, star-shaped cells that have numerous extensions

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33
Q

Astrocytes

A

Large, star-shaped cells that have numerous extensions

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34
Q

Resting membrane potential

A

A difference in electrical charge inside the cell compared with outside of the cell

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35
Q

Explain the ions inside and outside the cell when the cell is at rest

A

More negative inside and more positive outside

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36
Q

Are all cells polarized at rest?

A

Yes

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37
Q

What is the resting membrane potential due to?

A

The uneven distribution of ions across the membrane, which occurs because ions move through relatively specific channels that normally are not open (the balance between two competing forces on K+ ions)

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38
Q

Action potential

A

The rapid change in membrane potential that is propagated down the length of the axon

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39
Q

Local potentials

A

Small, transient changes in membrane potential

40
Q

At rest, neurons have an electrical charge across the membrane of what?

A

-70 mV

41
Q

What are the two forces at play to maintain the membrane potential?

A
  • Concentration gradient

- Na+ K+ pump

42
Q

What does the Na+ K+ pump do?

A

Moves three Na+ ions out and moves two K+ ions in

43
Q

When do EPSPs occur?

A

When ligand-gated Na+ channels open and allow Na+ to enter the cell on its concentration gradient, making it slightly more positive and bringing the membrane potential closer to the threshold for firing

44
Q

When do IPSPs occur?

A

When Cl- channels open and allow Cl- to enter on it concentration gradient, making the cell more negative and farther from the threshold for firing

45
Q

Central nervous system

A

The brain and spinal cord

46
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

All nerves outside the CNS

47
Q

What are the two divisions of the PNS?

A
  • Somatic nervous system

- Autonomic nervous system

48
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?

A

12

49
Q

What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A
  • Sympathetic

- Parasympathetic

50
Q

Dorsal refers to what (head)?

A

The top

51
Q

Rostral refers to what (head)?

A

The front

52
Q

Caudal refers to what (head)?

A

The back

53
Q

Ventral refers to what (head)?

A

The bottom

54
Q

Superior refers to what?

A

Above

55
Q

Anterior refers to what?

A

In front of

56
Q

Posterior refers to what?

A

Behind

57
Q

Inferior refers to what?

A

Beneath

58
Q

Dorsal refers to what (body)?

A

Back

59
Q

Caudal refers to what (body)?

A

Bottom

60
Q

Ventral refers to what (body)?

A

Front

61
Q

Rostral refers to what (body)?

A

Top

62
Q

What is the plane through the middle, horizontal, side-to-side of the brain?

A

Horizontal

63
Q

What is the plane through the middle, vertical, front-to-back of the brain?

A

Sagittal

64
Q

What is the plane through the middle, vertical, side-to-side of the brain?

A

Coronal

65
Q

What is the plane through the middle, vertical, side-to-side of the brain?

A

Coronal

66
Q

What is the first major structure of the brainstem?

A

Myelencephalon, or medulla

67
Q

What does the medulla do?

A

Regulate vital functions

68
Q

What are the -cephalons?

A
  • Myelencephalon
  • Metencephalon
  • Mesencephalon
  • Diencephalon
  • Telencephalon
69
Q

What are the two large structures in the mesencephalon?

A
  • Pons

- Cerebellum

70
Q

Damage to the cerebellum can cause what?

A

Poor coordination and jerky movements

71
Q

What are the two divisions of the midbrain?

A
  • Tectum

- Tegmentum

72
Q

What does the tectum consist of?

A
  • The superior colliculi

- The inferior colliculi

73
Q

What are the superior colliculi part of?

A

The visual system

74
Q

What are the inferior colliculi part of?

A

The auditory system

75
Q

What structures are within the tegmentum?

A
  • Periaqueductal grey (PAG)

- Substantia nigra

76
Q

What is the periaqueductal grey responsible for?

A

Modulation of pain

77
Q

What are the two major structures in the diencephalon?

A
  • Thalamus

- Hypothalamus

78
Q

Thalamus

A

A cluster of nuclei that first process and then distribute sensory and motor info to the appropriate portion of the cerebral cortex

79
Q

Thalamus

A

A cluster of nuclei that first process and then distribute sensory and motor info to the appropriate portion of the cerebral cortex

80
Q

What does the telencephalon include?

A
  • Basal ganglia

- Limbic system

81
Q

What does the basal ganglia include?

A
  • Caudate nucleus
  • Putamen
  • Globus pallidus
82
Q

Identify a structure of the myelencephalon

A

Medulla

83
Q

Identify a substructure of the medulla

A

Area postrema

84
Q

Identify a general function of the area postrema

A

Initiates vomiting in response to toxins in the blood

85
Q

Identify a structure of the metencephalon

A

Pons

86
Q

Identify a substructure of the pons

A

Reticular formation

87
Q

Identify a general function of the reticular formation

A

Arousal, attention, sleep, and muscle tone

88
Q

Identify a structure of the mesencephalon

A

Tegmentum

89
Q

Identify a substructure of the tegmentum

A

Periaqueductal gray

90
Q

Identify a general function of the periaqueductal gray

A

Pain modulation

91
Q

Identify a structure of the diencephalon

A

Thalamus

92
Q

Identify a substructure of the thalamus

A

Lateral geniculate nucleus

93
Q

Identify a general function of the lateral geniculate nucleus

A

Receiving visual info from the eyes and projecting it to the primary visual cortex

94
Q

Identify a structure of the telencephalon

A

Limbic system

95
Q

Identify a substructure of the limbic system

A

Amygdala

96
Q

Identify a general function of the amygdala

A

Emotional responses

Psychopharmacology (10 decks)

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