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Structure And Function Of The Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the cardiovascular system?

A
  • bulk flow system that transports:
  • oxygen and carbon dioxide
  • nutrients
  • metabolites
  • hormones
  • heat
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2
Q

How blood flows around the cardiovascular system:

A

Pulmonary circulation:
- pulmonary arteries
- pulmonary veins
- systemic arteries
- systemic veins

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3
Q

Arteries?

A
  • away from the heart
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4
Q

Veins?

A
  • towards the heart
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5
Q

Right side?

A
  • pumps blood to the lungs
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6
Q

Left side?

A
  • pumps blood around the body
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7
Q

The way blood travels:

A
  • artery
  • arteriole
  • capillaries
  • venules
  • veins
  • body = artery & arteriole
  • lungs = venules & veins
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8
Q

How much does the human heart weigh?

A

275g

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9
Q

How many gallons of blood are pumped per day?

A

2000 gallons

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10
Q

Deoxygenated parts of the heart:

A
  • vena cava
  • right atrium
  • right ventricle
  • pulmonary artery
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11
Q

Oxygenated parts of the heart:

A
  • pulmonary veins
  • left atrium
  • left ventricle
  • aorta
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12
Q

What type of valves does the heart have?

A
  • tricuspid & bicuspid valves
  • open in pairs
  • chordae tendinae and papillary muscle
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13
Q

What is closed by the backflow of blood?

A
  • aortic and pulmonary valves
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14
Q

The pathway of blood flow through the heart:

A
  • superior vena cava = deoxygenated
  • right atrium = deoxygenated
  • right ventricle = deoxygenated
  • pulmonary artery to lung = deoxygenated
  • pulmonary veins from lung = oxygenated
  • left ventricle = oxygenated
  • aorta = to the body = oxygenated
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15
Q

Simplified pathway of blood:

A
  • vena cava
  • right atrium
  • right ventricle
  • pulmonary artery
  • pulmonary veins
  • left atrium
  • left ventricle
  • aorta
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16
Q

Vena cava function?

A
  • carries deoxygenated blood from the body back to the heart
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17
Q

Pulmonary artery function?

A

Carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs

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18
Q

Pulmonary vein function?

A

Carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart

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19
Q

Aorta function?

A

Carries oxygenated blood from the heart around the body

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20
Q

Hepatic artery function?

A
  • carries oxygenated blood to the liver
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21
Q

Hepatic vein function?

A

Carries deoxygenated blood back to the heart

  • carries digested food from the liver around the body
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22
Q

Hepatic portal vein function?

A

Carries digested food from the small intestine to the liver around

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23
Q

Renal artery function?

A

Carries oxygenated blood to the kidneys for excretion

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24
Q

Renal vein function?

A

Carries deoxygenated blood back to the heart

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25
What is the septum?
Divides the heart into two sides
26
The valves:
- tricuspid valves - bicuspid valves - aortic valves = they all have three parts = open in pairs
27
Pulmonary valve = closed Aortic valve = closed What is open?
- tricuspid valve - mitral valve
28
Pulmonary valve = open Aortic valve = open What is closed?
- tricuspid valve - mitral valve
29
What do blood vessels do?
- carry blood around the body
30
What are the different types of blood vessels?
- arteries - arterioles - capillaries - venules - veins
31
Tunica intima structure:
- endothelial lining & connective tissue - internal elastic laminate
32
Tunica media structure:
- layer of circumferential smooth muscle and variable amounts of connective tissue - external elastic laminated - abundance of tunica intima, tunica media & tunica adventitia differ with their position in the vascular network
33
Tunica aventitia structure:
- mainly connective with tissue fibres - blends with the connective tissue that surrounds the vessel
34
What is the order from biggest to smallest of aorta, arteries & arterioles?
- aorta - arteries - arterioles
35
Structure of aorta - elastic arteries:
- wide lumen, elastic wall - damp pressure variations
36
Structure of other arteries:
- wide lumen, strong non-elastic wall - low resistance conduit
37
What are the biggest out of capillaries, venules, veins or lymphatics?
- veins - venules - lymphatics - capillaries
38
Structure of arterioles = resistance vessels
- narrow lumen, thick contractile wall - controls resistance and flow - allows redirection of blood
39
Structure of capillaries = exchange vessels
- narrow lumen - thin wall
40
Structure of venules & veins = capacitance vessels
- wide lumen, distendable wall - low resistance conduit & reservoir - allows fractional distribution of blood
41
Structure and function of lymphatics:
- drain plasma from tissue and carry it back into circulation
42
Elastic arteries structure and function:
- tunica intima is thicker than in other arteries - distension is facilitated by concentric elastic fibres in the tunica media - elastic arteries are = pressure reservoirs - they forward blood during ventricular relaxation, which is = diastole - their walls are very thick - oxygen and nutrients can’t reach the outer layers - vessels = vasa vasorum = supply oxygen and nutrients = these vessels appear as fine dark lines on the surface in a diagram
43
Muscular arteries structure and function:
- tunica intima is thin - tunica media has numerous concentric layers of smooth muscle cells - fine elastic fibres and collagen fibres are present - tunica adventitia thickness
44
Arterioles structure and function:
- similar to muscular arteries, but smaller - endothelial cells are smaller - the nucleus & surrounding cytoplasm can bulge into the lumen - the endothelium rests on internal elastic laminated - the tunica media: - 1-3 layers of smooth muscle cells - smooth muscle arterioles regulate blood flow to target tissues - limiting the resistance of the network at this level
45
Capillaries structure and function:
- thin walled exchange vessels - endothelial cell tubes on a basement membrane - equivalent to smooth muscle cells
46
What are the three basic types of capillary?
- continuous - fenestrated - discontinuous
47
Continuous capillaries structure and function:
- complete basal lamina - continuous endothelial lining - substances must pass through both endothelial cell & the basal lamina - acts as a selective filter - sealed together at edges = desmosomes - found in = muscles, lungs, brain
48
Fenestrated capillaries structure and function:
- complete basal lamina - fenestrated endothelial lining - small openings in the endothelial cell layer - substances exiting can bypass the endothelial cells - extent of fenestrated = depends on tissue - found = rapid movement of materials is vital to the function of the capillary = endocrine organs, hormones pass into blood, kidneys
49
Discontinuous capillaries structure and function:
- incomplete basal lamina - fenestrated endothelial lining - may not be a complete layer - form large, irregularly shaped vessels = sinusoids or sinusoid capillaries - found where = free exchange of substances happens = liver, spleen
50
Venules and veins structure and function:
- walls are thinner than arteries - diameter is bigger than arteries - tunica intima = very thin - tunica media = thinner than tunica adventitia - they blend into each other - if they are lower body = walls are thicker than upper body - walls are thinner if they are embedded in tissue, provides structural support - backflow of blood = stopped by valves - valves are formed from = folds of tunica intima
51
Varicose veins?
- backflow of blood is not prevented - as valves are not closed
52
Lymphatic vessels structure and function:
- plasma escapes to surrounding tissues - due to transport across endothelium or due to blood pressure - fluid adds to interstitial fluid found in the tissue - surplus liquid needs to be returned to the circulation - this is the function of lymph vessels, they return the fluid which is = lymph
53
What are the three types of lymph vessels?
- lymph capillaries - lymph collecting vessels - lymph ducts
54
Lymph capillaries structure and function:
- larger than blood capillaries - irregularly shaped - blind-ending tubes in the connective tissue - temporary openings in the endothelial lining allows the entry of larger particles - lymph capillaries merge to form lymph collecting vessels
55
Lymph collecting vessels structure and function:
- larger than lymph capillaries - lymph is moved by the compression of lymph vessels, by the surrounding tissues - direction of the lymph flow is determined by valves - they take the lymph to the lymph ducts
56
Lymph ducts structure and function:
- collect lymph, empties it back into the vascular system - peristaltic contractions of the smooth muscle = allow movement of lymph to the heart - helped by compression of surrounding ducts
57
What is the largest lymph duct?
Thoracic duct
58
What is the function of the thoracic duct?
- drains lymph from the lower half and upper left quadrant - empties it into the vascular system, close to the junction of the left internal jugular & subclavian veins - not much larger than a forearm vein
59
Why is lymph drainage important?
- very little lymph is returned if limbs aren’t moving - muscular action is important in lymph transport - effects are seen after long flights - lymph nodes = involved in immune system - lymph drainage is stopped when lymph nodes are removed - lymph collecting vessels then merge to form new lymph nodes to replace the new ones
60
Why are pumps in series?
- the output must be equal
61
Why are vascular beds parallel?
- all tissues get oxygenated blood, allows redirection of blood
62
Blood distribution in the cardiovascular system:
67% =systemic veins and venules 5%=systemic capillaries 11%=systemic arteries 5%=pulmonary veins 3%=pulmonary arteries 4%=pulmonary capillaries 5%=heart ventricles
63
Is cardiac output and oxygen consumption always the same?
- no, they do not always match
64
Why is it different?
- cardiac output: - each organ has a different job - not all of them require lots of oxygen - they may need blood for other reasons - oxygen consumption: - oxygen or blood flow requirements can change - during exercise - blood is redirected to respond to where is it needed
65
What affects all tissues?
Mean arterial pressure & central venous pressure
66
What is the equation for blood flow?
Flow = change in pressure / resistance
67
Example of changes in arteriole diameter can change blood flow:
- during exercise - arterioles for skeletal muscle dilate - blood flow to muscle increases - can be 70-80% of cardiac output

The Cardiovascular System (5 decks)

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