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Cardiovascular > Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

what is the heart surrounded by? it protects and holds in place

A

pericardium

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2
Q

where does your heart rest in your chest?

A

2/3 of its mass lies to the left of the midline

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3
Q

two parts of the pericardium

A

Fibrous pericardium: Tough, inelastic and outer connective tissue.

Serous pericardium: Thinner, delicate and forms double layer around heart

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4
Q

Which part of the heart is more anterior?

A

Right ventricle, Left ventricle is more posterior and protected

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5
Q

function of the pericardium

A

(a) Anchoring in place (attached to the diaphragm).

(b) Prevents it from over stretching.

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6
Q

layers of the serous pericardium

A

a) Parietal layer: Fused to the fibrous pericardium.
(b) Visceral layer (epicardium): Adheres tightly to the heart.
(c) Between the two layers is the pericardial cavity filled with fluid.

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7
Q

three layers of the heart

A

(1) Epicardium (to include the visceral layer of the serous pericardium).
(2) Myocardium
(a) Forms two separate networks via gap junctions and intercalated disks: Atrial and ventricular.
(b) Each network contracts as a unit.
(3) Endocardium
(a) Lines inside of myocardium and covers valves.

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8
Q

how many chambers of the heart?

A

four

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9
Q

how many atria and how many ventricles?

A

2

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10
Q

how are the chambers separated?

A

a interatrial or interventricular septum

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11
Q

what is thicker? the atria or the ventricles?

A

Atria are the thinnest because they empty their contents into the ventricles.
Ventricles are thicker because they have to move blood out of the heart

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12
Q

which ventricle is thinner?

A

The right ventricle is thinner than the left because it pumps blood to the lungs while the left ventricle pumps blood to the entire body.

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13
Q

how many valves are there in the heart to prevent back flow?

A

There are four valves in the heart,

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14
Q

what are the two Atrioventricular (AV): Located between atria and ventricles

A

a) Tricuspid Valve (3 cusps).

b) Bicuspid (also known as Mitral) Valve (2 cusps

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15
Q

where does your pulmonary artery run out of?

A

right ventricle, sits more anterior

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16
Q

what prevent valve cusps from pushing up into the atria when ventricles contract.

A

Chordae tendineae connect to papillary muscles (located on ventricle side)

(not sure if this is a reference to chorda tendineae or papillary muscles)

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17
Q

what are your two Semilunar (SL) Valves, that close secondary to pressure change

A

a) Aortic Valve

(b) Pulmonic Valve

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18
Q

what drain deoxygenated blood from the upper and lower body into the right atrium?

A

Superior and Inferior Vena Cava

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19
Q

what drains deoxygenated blood from the coronary veins into the right atrium

A

Coronary Sinus

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20
Q

what takes blood pumped from the right ventricle into the pulmonary trunk which then branches into the pulmonary arteries that then carry this deoxygenated blood into
the lungs to be oxygenated

A

Pulmonary trunk and Pulmonary artery

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21
Q

what Carries oxygenated blood from the lungs and transports it to the left atrium

A

Pulmonary veins

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22
Q

what carries oxygenated blood to the entire body from the left ventricle.

A

Aorta

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23
Q

Blood flow through the myocardium is known as what?

A

coronary circulation

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24
Q

What are the two principal coronary vessels:

A

a) Right coronary artery

(b) Left coronary artery

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25
Q

Cardiac excitation normally begins in the sinoatrial (SA) node, and is then conducted through:

A

(1) The atria (via Bachmann’s bundle) causing contraction.
(2) Atrioventricular (AV) node
(3) AV bundle branches (known as the bundle of his).
(4) Right and left bundle branches
(5) Purkinje fibers

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26
Q

How is a wave form is created on electrocardiogram?

A

(1) Waves on an ECG are created by placing electrodes on the skin to pick up the electrical current generated by the heart.

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27
Q

Which wave represents atrial depolarization?

A

P wave

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28
Q

This complex represents ventricular depolarization (masks atrial
repolarization due to size).

A

QRS Complex

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29
Q

This wave represents ventricular repolarization

A

T wave

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30
Q

How many phases in a cardiac cycle

A

3

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31
Q

What is the QRS complex

A

the ventricles firing

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32
Q

how long is a typical heartbeat?

A

.8 seconds

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33
Q

three phases of the cardiac cycle

A 
Relaxation period
atrial systole (diastolic phase of the heart) 
Ventricular systole (contraction
34
Q

How much blood is ejected into systemic circulation per

ventricular contraction.

A

70 ml

35
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

the amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle into the
aorta per minute.

Our way of measuring how much blood is being ejected from the heart

36
Q

What is the cardiac output formula?

A

CO formula = stroke volume x heart rate

37
Q

how many types of blood vessels found throughout the human body?

A

5

38
Q

This type of blood vessel is thick, triple layered vessels that carry blood away from the heart.

A

arteries

39
Q

these blood vessels are thin vessels formed by arteries branching down in size

A

arterioles

40
Q

Hair-like microscopic vessels found throughout the body.

also known as exchange vessels, which connect arterioles to venules.

A

Capillaries

41
Q

Very thin vessels formed when capillaries reunite.

A

venules

42
Q

Designated vessels that return deoxygenated blood to the heart to be oxygenated

A

veins

43
Q

How many individual layers of veins?

A

Three

44
Q

Which part of the vein is generally larger than the corresponding artery?

A

lumen

45
Q

why do certain veins function as blood reservoirs (liver, spleen and skin)

A

Because veins contain so much of the blood

veins and venules contain about 64% of the total volume of blood.

46
Q

which vessel has very small lumens which cause blood to move through them very slowly.

A

capillaries

47
Q

how is capillary filling controlled?

A

Capillary filling is controlled by small arterioles and pre-capillary sphincters via auto-regulation, (constrict or dilate), which is the ability of local tissues to blood flow into the area according to metabolic demands.

48
Q

What is the ability of local tissues to adjust blood flow (constrict or
dilate) into the area according to metabolic demands via vasodilators and vasoconstrictors.

A

autoregulation

49
Q

Where does the slowest rate of blood flow takes place

A

within the capillaries allowing time for

exchange through walls.

50
Q

What determines amount of fluid in circulation

A

Balance of BP and osmosis.

a) Excess fluid lost is returned to the circulatory system via the lymphatic system
(b) Local signals can adjust capillary flow (autoregulation)

51
Q

pressure exerted on the walls of the vessels as the

ventricles contract.

A

Blood Pressure

52
Q

Where is the highest blood pressure in your body?

A

Highest in the aorta and the large systemic arteries.

53
Q

Blood pressure in the body depends on what?

A

Dependent on the volume of blood in the cardiovascular system, normally 5 liters or 5.3 quarts

54
Q

What is something that will increase blood volume?

A

Anything that increases blood volume, i.e. water retention will increase blood pressure.

55
Q

Volume or blood loss more than what percentage is life threatening?

A

10%

56
Q

Blood volume and ventricular contraction = ?

A

cardiac output

57
Q

Vascular resistance: opposition to flow, depends on:

A

(a) Smaller lumen (with vasoconstriction) results in greater resistance.
(b) Greater vessel length (weight gain) results in greater resist
c) Higher viscosity (as with high hematocrit) results in greater resistance.

58
Q

What part of the brain has the cardiovascular center

A

medulla oblongata

59
Q

the medulla oblongata is control by neural and hormonal feedback from what three types of receptors

A

proprioceptors
baroceptors
chemoreceptors

60
Q

these receptors are located in the arch of the aorta nd the carotid bodies that stimulate sympathetic and parasympathetic response to chemical changes in the body (e.g. monitory blood acidity, CO2, O2)

A

Chemoreceptors:

61
Q

Two main circulation pathways of blood through the body

A

Systemic circulation

Pulmonary circulation

62
Q

this circulation system is arteries and arterioles that carry oxygen and nutrient rich blood throughout the body, veins and venules that carry carbon dioxide and waste to the right atrium

A

Systemic circulation

63
Q

deoxygenated blood returns to the heart via what?

A

inferior, superior vena cava, coronary sinus

64
Q

This circulatory system is blood pumped by the right ventricle to the lungs, picks up oxygen and returns via pulmonary veins to the left atria.

A

Pulmonary circulation

65
Q

Where does gas exchange take place

A

Pulmonary capillaries

66
Q

What are the four principal branches of the aorta

A

(1) The Ascending Aorta
(2) Arch of the Aorta
(3) Thoracic Descending Aorta
(4) Abdominal Descending Aorta

67
Q
  • both the left and right coronary arteries branch off what structure
A

ascending aorta

68
Q

Right common carotid artery: Right side of head and neck and Right subclavian artery branch off of what structure?

A

Brachiocephalic trunk,

69
Q

Subclavian arteries branch off into what:

A

1) Axillary artery: Supplies shoulder
2) Brachial artery: Supplies upper arm
3) Radial artery: Supplies lateral portion of forearm, wrist and hand
4) Ulnar artery: Supplies medial portion of forearm, wrist and hand

70
Q

Left common carotid artery: Left side of head and neck supply blood where?

A

1) External carotid: external structures of skull

2) Internal carotid: Internal structures of scull (eyeball, ear, brain)

71
Q

the Left subclavian artery supplies blood where

A

Left upper limb

72
Q

What three vessels branch off the aorta

A

left common carotid artery, brachiocephalic artery, left subclavian artery

73
Q

What does your thoraci aorta supply?

A

(a) Bronchial arteries: Bronchi of lungs
(b) Esophageal arteries: Esophagus
(c) Posterior intercostal arteries: Intercostal and chest muscles
(d) Superior phrenic arteries: Superior and posterior surfaces of diaphragm

74
Q

what does your Abdominal Aorta supply?

A

a) Celiac trunk which, further branches into:

1) Inferior phrenic arteries: Inferior surface of diaphragm
2) Common hepatic artery: Liver, stomach, duodenum, and pancreas
3) Left gastric artery: Stomach and esophagus
4) Splenic artery: Spleen, pancreas, and stomach

75
Q

your Abdominal Aorta also supplies ??

A

(b) Superior mesenteric artery: Small intestine, cecum, ascending and transverse
colons, and pancreas.
(c) Suprarenal arteries: Adrenal glands
(d) Renal arteries: Kidneys
(e) Gonadal arteries which, branches into:
1) Testicular arteries OR
2) Ovarian arteries
(f) Inferior mesenteric artery: Supplies the large intestine, part of the rectum,
descending colon.
(g) Common iliac arteries, branching to form the abdominal aorta

76
Q

Common iliac arteries, branching to form the abdominal aorta which breaks off into…

A

External iliac arteries

Internal iliac arteries

77
Q

What are your superficial veins

A

(a) Cephalic veins: Drains the lateral aspect of upper limb.
(b) Basilic veins: Drain medial aspect of upper limb.
(c) Median antecubital veins: Drain palms and forearms.

78
Q

what are your deep veins?

A

(a) Radial veins: Drain lateral aspect of forearm.
(b) Ulnar veins: Drain medial aspect of forearm.
(c) Brachial veins: Drain forearms, elbow joints, and arms.
(d) Axillary veins: Drain arms, axillae, and upper part of chest wall.
(e) Subclavian veins: Drain arms, neck, and thoracic wall

79
Q

The principal veins that drain the abdomen:

A

(1) Hepatic portal circulation
(a) Blood drains from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen into hepatic portal vein.
(b) Is then delivered to the liver to be process and absorb substances from the GI
tract.
(c) Blood returns to systemic circulation through the hepatic vein.

80
Q

The principal veins that drain the lower body are:

A

(1) Superficial Veins
(a) Consists of the great saphenous veins: Drain leg and thigh, groin, external genitals, and abdominal wall.
(b) Small saphenous veins: Drain the foot and leg.

(2) Deep Veins
(a) Posterior tibial veins: Drain foot and posterior leg muscles.
(b) Anterior tibial veins: Drain ankle joint, knee joint, tibiofibular joint, and anterior leg.
(c) Popliteal veins: Drain skin and muscles and bones of the knee.
(d) Femoral veins: Drain muscles of the thigh, femurs, external genitalia, and superficial lymph nodes.

81
Q

Common arteries used for measuring pulse

A

(a) Radial artery
(b) Carotid artery
(c) Brachial artery
(d) Popliteal artery

82
Q

parameters for pulse rate brady vs tacy

A

(a) Below 60 BPM – bradycardic

(b) Above 100 BPM – tachycardic

Cardiovascular (4 decks)

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