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Sem 3 Skin > Structure and Function of Skin > Flashcards

Structure and Function of Skin Flashcards

1
Q

What does the integumentary system refer to?

A

→ skin, hair and nails

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2
Q

What are the 5 main skin functions?

A 
→ Barrier 
→ Thermoregulation
→ Sensation
→ Repair 
→ Vitamin D production
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3
Q

What does the skin act as a barrier against?

A

→ Dehydration
→ Infection
→ Injury/abrasion
→ solar radiation

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4
Q

What are the 3 layers of the skin?

A

→ Epidermis
→ Dermis
→ Hypodermis

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5
Q

What is the first layer called?

A

→ Stratum basale

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6
Q

Describe the stratum basale?

A

→ Contains stem cells and is attached to the dermis
→ daughter cells are constantly moving up distally through the epidermis
→ They differentiate as they go until they are shed from the outer surface

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7
Q

What are the characteristics of the stratum spinosum?

A

→ Cells have many desmosomes that are visible as spines between the cells

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8
Q

What does the stratum granulosum contain?

A

→ 1-4 layers of cells containing prominent granules of ‘keratohyalin’ - precursor of keratin
→ Lamellar bodies containing lipids
→ differentiating cells to form the outer layer

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9
Q

What does the stratum corneum contain?

A

→ Squamous cells which have lost their nuclei
→ horn-like keratin
→ non polar lipids are between the cells

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10
Q

What are the 4 main layers of the epidermis?

A

→ Stratum basale
→ Stratum Spinosum
→ Stratum Granulosum
→ Stratum corneum

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11
Q

What is the stratum corneum constantly doing?

A

→ Flaking off and being constantly replaced

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12
Q

What is keratin the main component of?

A

→ horns, hair, nails, claws, hooves

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13
Q

What are other 3 types of epidermal cells?

A

→ Melanocytes
→ Langerhans cells
→ Merkel cells

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14
Q

What do melanocytes do?

A

→ Synthesizes melanosomes

→ transfers them to basal keratinocytes through long dendrites (downwards)

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15
Q

Where are the stem cells found and why?

A

→ Basal Keratinocytes

→ Need to be protected from UV damage

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16
Q

Where is the melanin pigment mostly found?

A

→ Basal epidermis

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17
Q

Where do keratinocytes arrange melanin and how?

A

→ They arrange melanin pigment in a cap distal to the nucleus
→ Especially in the basal layer

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18
Q

What is the function of Langerhans cells?

A

→ Antigen presenting cells

→ they are also dendritic cells that form a network

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19
Q

Where is vitamin D3 made?

A

→ In the epidermis

→ mostly in the basal cells but also the stratum spinosum

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20
Q

What does the production of vitamin D3 require and how does this change with skin color?

A

→ UV light

→ more UV light with dark skin

21
Q

How and where is vitamin D3 converted into its active form?

A

→ 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3

→ In the liver and kidney

22
Q

Describe the dermis

A

→ Dense, irregular connective tissue

23
Q

Why is the dermis dense?

A

→ Full of collagen fibres

24
Q

Why is the dermis irregular?

A

→ Fibres are running in all directios

25
Q

What is the function of collagen?

A

→ provides tensile strength

→ protection against abrasion and impact

26
Q

What does elastin do?

A

→ A protein complex that provides elasticity

27
Q

Why is the dermis rich in blood vessels?

A

→ it carries blood and nerve supply for the epidermis

28
Q

Why is the dermal-epidermal border wavy?

A

→ to resist shear forces

29
Q

What do fibroblasts in the dermis do?

A

→ Make and maintain the collagen

30
Q

What is an effect of UV light on skin?

A

→ Damage and loss of elastic fibres

→ leads to wrinkles

31
Q

What is the hypodermis composed of?

A 
→ Fat
→ glands
→ hair follicles 
→ nerves
→ blood vessels
32
Q

What is the function of the hypodermis?

A

→ Provides insulation
→ Cushioning
→ energy storage

33
Q

Where do subcutaneous injections go?

A

→ hypodermis

34
Q

What are the three types of gland?

A

→ Sebaceous
→ Eccrine sweat glands
→ Apocrine sweat glands

35
Q

What is the function of sebaceous glands?

A

→ Secrete oily sebum into the hair follicle

36
Q

What is the function of sebum?

A

→ Conditioner for hair and skin

→ Prevents dryness and flaking

37
Q

What do eccrine sweat glands do?

A

→ Watery secretion onto skin surface

→ Cool the body by evaporation

38
Q

What do apocrine sweat glands do?

A

→ secrete oily fluid into hair follicles

→ source of body odour after bacterial action

39
Q

Where are apocrine sweat glands found?

A

→ Armpits

→ anogenital region

40
Q

What is acne?

A

→ When a follicle becomes blocked and can get infected

41
Q

What are the 4 types of acne?

A

→ Blackhead
→ whiteheads
→ papules
→ infected

42
Q

Where is the nail formed?

A

→ The nail matrix

43
Q

What is the nail plate made from?

A

→ hard keratin

44
Q

What are the 4 receptors in the skin?

A

→ thermoreceptor
→ Meissners corpuscle
→ Nociceptor
→ Pacinian corpuscle

45
Q

What are Meissners Corpuscles receptive to?

A

→ Touch

46
Q

What are Pacinian corpuscles receptive to?

A

→ Pressure

47
Q

How does the skin protect against dehydration?

A

→ Keratin holds water

→ lipids stop it evaporating

48
Q

How does the skin protect against injury?

A

→ epidermis is strong, rapid healing, thick where friction occurs
→ Dermis has collagen, tough and leathery
→ hypodermis cushions

49
Q

How does the dermis repair itself?

A

→ Fibroblasts fill gaps with new collagen that epidermis can attach to

Sem 3 Skin (2 decks)

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