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Musculo-Skeletal > Structure And Function Of Skin > Flashcards

Structure And Function Of Skin Flashcards

1
Q

What does the integumentary system refer to?

A

→ skin, hair and nails

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2
Q

What are the 5 main skin functions?

A

→ Barrier
→ Thermoregulation

→ Sensation
→ Repair
→ Vitamin D production

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3
Q

What does the skin act as a barrier against?

A

→ Dehydration
→ Infection

→ Injury/abrasion
→ solar radiation

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4
Q

What are the 3 layers of the skin?

A

→ Epidermis
→ Dermis

→ Hypodermis

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5
Q

What is the first layer of the epidermis called?

A

→ Stratum basale

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6
Q

Describe the stratum basale

A

→ Contains stem cells and is attached to the dermis
→ daughter cells are constantly moving up distally through the epidermis

→ They differentiate as they go until they are shed from the outer surface

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7
Q

What are the characteristics of the stratum spinosum?

A

→ Cells have many desmosomes that are visible as spines between the cells

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8
Q

What does the stratum granulosum contain?

A

→ 1-4 layers of cells containing prominent granules of ‘keratohyalin’ - precursor of keratin
→ Lamellar bodies containing lipids

→ differentiating cells to form the outer layer

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9
Q

What does the stratum corneum contain?

A

→ Squamous cells which have lost their nuclei
→ horn-like keratin

→ non polar lipids are between the cells

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10
Q

What are the 4 main layers of the epidermis?

A

→ Stratum basale
→ Stratum Spinosum

→ Stratum Granulosum
→ Stratum corneum

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11
Q

What is the stratum corneum constantly doing?

A

→ Flaking off and being constantly replaced

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12
Q

What is keratin the main component of?

A

→ horns, hair, nails, claws, hooves

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13
Q

What are other 3 types of epidermal cells?

A

Melanocytes
→ Langerhans cells

→ Merkel cells

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14
Q

What do melanocytes do?

A

→ Synthesizes melanosomes

→ transfers them to basal keratinocytes through long dendrites (downwards)

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15
Q

Where are the stem cells found and why?

A

→ Basal Keratinocytes

→ Need to be protected from UV damage

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16
Q

Where is the melanin pigment mostly found?

A

→ Basal epidermis

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17
Q

Where do keratinocytes arrange melanin and how?

A

→ They arrange melanin pigment in a cap distal to the nucleus
→ Especially in the basal layer

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18
Q

What is the function of Langerhans cells?

A

→ Antigen presenting cells

→ they are also dendritic cells that form a network

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19
Q

Where is vitamin D3 made?

A

→ In the epidermis

→ mostly in the basal cells but also the stratum spinosum

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20
Q

What does the production of vitamin D3 require and how does this change with skin color?

A

→ UV light

→ more UV light with dark skin

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21
Q

How and where is vitamin D3 converted into its active form?

A

→ 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3

→ In the liver and kidney

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22
Q

Describe the dermis

A

→ Dense, irregular connective tissue

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23
Q

Why is the dermis dense?

A

→ Full of collagen fibres produced by fibroblasts

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24
Q

Why is the dermis irregular?

A

→ Fibres are running in all directions

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25
Q

What is the function of collagen?

A

→ provides tensile strength

→ protection against abrasion and impact

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26
Q

What does elastin do?

A

→ A protein complex that provides elasticity

27
Q

Why is the dermis rich in blood vessels?

A

→ it carries blood and nerve supply for the epidermis

28
Q

Why is the dermal-epidermal border wavy?

A

→ to resist shear forces

29
Q

What do fibroblasts in the dermis do?

A

→ Make and maintain the collagen

30
Q

What is an effect of UV light on skin?

A

→ Damage and loss of elastic fibres

→ leads to wrinkles

31
Q

What is the hypodermis composed of?

A

→ Fat
→ glands

→ hair follicles
→ nerves
→ blood vessels
→often the thickest layer of skin

32
Q

What is the function of the hypodermis?

A

→ Provides insulation
→ Cushioning

→ energy storage

33
Q

Where do subcutaneous injections go?

A

→ hypodermis

34
Q

What are the three types of gland?

A

→ Sebaceous
→ Eccrine sweat glands

→ Apocrine sweat glands

35
Q

What is the function of sebaceous glands?

A

→ Secrete oily sebum into the hair follicle

36
Q

What is the function of sebum?

A

→ Conditioner for hair and skin

→ Prevents dryness and flaking

37
Q

What do eccrine sweat glands do?

A

→ Watery secretion onto skin surface

→ Cool the body by evaporation

38
Q

What do apocrine sweat glands do?

A

→ secrete oily fluid into hair follicles

→ source of body odour after bacterial action

39
Q

Where are apocrine sweat glands found?

A

→ Armpits

→ anogenital region

40
Q

What is acne?

A

→ When a follicle becomes blocked and can get infected

41
Q

What are the 4 types of acne?

A

→ Blackhead
→ whiteheads

→ papules
→ infected

42
Q

Where is the nail formed?

A

→ The nail matrix

→Contains modifiedkeratinocytesthatreplicateand undergo the process ofkeratinisation

43
Q

What is the nail plate made from?

A

→ hard keratin

44
Q

What are the 4 receptors in the skin?

A

→ thermoreceptor
→ Meissners corpuscle

→ Nociceptor
→ Pacinian corpuscle

45
Q

What are Meissners Corpuscles receptive to?

A

→ Touch

46
Q

What are Pacinian corpuscles receptive to?

A

→ Pressure

47
Q

How does the skin protect against dehydration?

A

→ Keratin holds water

→ lipids stop it evaporating

48
Q

How does the skin protect against injury?

A

→ epidermis is strong, rapid healing, thick where friction occurs
→ Dermis has collagen, tough and leathery

→ hypodermis cushions

49
Q

How does the dermis repair itself?

A

→ Fibroblasts fill gaps with new collagen that epidermis can attach to

50
Q

Describe the stratum lucidium of the epidermis

A

→only in thick skin e.g. palms and soles of feet

→clear layer

51
Q

What is keratinisation?

A

→keratinocytesflatten out and die
→granulosum layer produce keratin precursors and glycolipid which remain within keratohyalin granules and lamellar granules, respectively.
→Keratohyalin granules eventually start to aggregate and cross-link forming enormous bundles of keratin within the keratinocyte.
→Lamellar granules stick to the outer cell surface.
→ forms a sort of cement between the cells, making them more resistant to external forces and water loss.

52
Q

What are the two layers of the dermis?

A

→thin papillary

→deeper reticular layer

53
Q

What are dermal papillae of the dermis?

A

→Finger-like protrusions of dermal connective tissue into the epidermal layer

54
Q

What are rete ridges of the dermal-epidermal border?

A

Extensions of epidermis into the dermal layer

55
Q

What parts of the body are dermal-epidermal borders more apparent?

A

thick skin of hands = fingerprints, as well as feet

56
Q

What is the hair follicle?

A

epidermal tissue that dips down into thedermis, and interacts with other structures likeapocrine glands

57
Q

What does the bulb of the hair contain?

A

the hair matrix – active site of hair growth and pigmentation.

58
Q

What two cell types does the bulb contain?

A

follicular keratinocytes and melanocytes

59
Q

What is root and shaft formation?

A

→hard keratin flatten out and are slowly pushed up the follicle

60
Q

What is the process of balding?

A

→Follicularkeratinocytesat the bulb of the hairreplicateonly a set number of times

61
Q

Where are the youngest keratinocytes found?

A

The youngest keratinocytesare in the nail matrix, and older cells keratinize, and form thenail plate.

62
Q

What is the eponychium of the nail?

A

→Proximal skin fold that gives rise to the cuticle

→a semi-circular layer of dead skinkeratinocytesthat covers the junction where the nail enters the skin

63
Q

What is the function of the eponychium?

A

preventing the entry of pathogens.

64
Q

Summarise the different encapsulated endings of the sensory receptors

A

Pacinian corpuscles (rapidly adapting) → vibration or brief touch

Merkel’s discs (slowly adapting) → sustained touch/pressure e.g. skin indentation

Meissner’s corpuscles (rapidly adapting) → moving touch or vibration

Ruffini endings (slowly adapting) → steady pressure

Root hair plexus (rapidly adapting) → hair displacement.

Krause end bulbs → touch/pressure, possibly thermoreceptors.

Musculo-Skeletal (6 decks)

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