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Haematology > Structure and Function of Blood > Flashcards

Structure and Function of Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What is blood?

A

Blood is a specialised fluid composed of cells suspended in plasma

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2
Q

What are the types of blood cells?

A

Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets

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3
Q

What is haematopoiesis?

A

Production of blood cells from pluripotent stem cells

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4
Q

Where does blood production occur in the embryo?

A

Yolk sac then liver then marrow

Spleen from 3rd-7th month

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5
Q

Where is blood produced at birth?

A

Mostly bone marrow

Liver and spleen when needed

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6
Q

How does blood production change from birth to maturity?

A

Number of active sites in bone marrow decreases but retain ability to produce

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7
Q

Where is blood produced in adults?

A

Not all bones contain marrow = restricted to skull, ribs, sternum, pelvis and proximal ends of femur

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8
Q

What state do most stem cells sit in?

A

Quiescent state = need to proliferate and differentiate to produce blood cells

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9
Q

How does maturation of stem cells progress in bone marrow?

A

Orderly progression from stem cell to mature forms

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10
Q

What is the maturation of neutrophils?

A

Myeloblast - promyelocyte - myelocyte - metamyelocyte - neutrophil

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11
Q

What are the functions of blood cells?

A

Red blood cells = carry oxygen, buffer CO2
Platelets = stop bleeding
White blood cells = fight infection, cancer prevention

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12
Q

What are the types of white blood cells?

A

Granulocytes = neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

Monocytes and lymphocytes

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13
Q

How did granulocytes get their name?

A

Contain granules that are easily visible on light microscopy

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14
Q

What is the structure of neutrophils?

A

Segmented nucleus and neutral staining granules

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15
Q

What is the function of neutrophils?

A

Phagocytose invaders = kill with granule contents and die in the process
Attract other cells

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16
Q

What are some features of neutrophils?

A

Short life in circulation

Increased by body stress (e.g infection)

17
Q

What is the structure of eosinophils?

A

Usually bi-lobed and have bright red granules

18
Q

In what patients can eosinophil levels be raised in?

A

Those with allergic conditions

19
Q

What is the function of eosinophils?

A

Fight parasitic infections

Involved in hypersensitivity

20
Q

What are basophils?

A

Circulating version of tissue mast cell = infrequent in circulation

21
Q

What is the structure of basophils?

A

Large deep purple granules obscuring nucleus = contain histamine

22
Q

What is the function of basophils?

A

Mediates hypersensitivity reaction = Fc receptors bind IgE

23
Q

What is the structure of monocytes?

A

Large simple nucleus and faintly staining granules that are often vacuolated

24
Q

What is the life cycle of monocytes?

A

More long lived than neutrophils

Circulate for one week and enter tissues to become macrophages

25
Q

What is the function of monocytes?

A

Phagocytose invaders = kill them and present antigens to lymphocytes
Attract other cells

26
Q

What is the appearance of mature lymphocytes?

A

Small with condensed nucleus and rim of cytoplasm

27
Q

What is the appearance of activated lymphocytes?

A

Often called atypical = large with plentiful blue cytoplasm extending round neighbouring red cells, nucleus more open structure

28
Q

What is the function of lymphocytes?

A

Numerous types and functions but main role is as the brain of the immune system = cognates response to infection

29
Q

Why is testing needed to tell different early precursors and stem cells apart?

A

Stem cells and early precursors are infrequent with unremarkable morphology

30
Q

What are some methods used to recognise stem cells and early precursors?

A

Immunophenotyping and bio-assay

31
Q

What is immunophenotyping?

A

Expression profile of antigens present on surface of cell

32
Q

How is a bio-assay carried out?

A

Culture in vitro and show lineage of progeny in different growth conditions

33
Q

How is the haematopoietic system examined?

A

Look at peripheral blood and bone marrow
Specialised bone marrow tests
Look at other sites relevant to blood production (e.g hepatomegaly)

34
Q

What is a common site for bone marrow aspiration and biospy?

A

The posterior iliac crests

Haematology (24 decks)

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