Structure and Function of ATP (NICO)

Question 1

Meaning of ATP

Answer 1

Adenosine Triphosphate

Question 2

It is often referred to as the energy currency of a cell as it can pick up energy and transfer that energy to another chemical process

Answer 2

ATP

Question 3

sadasdasd

Contains sugar ribose, N-base adenine, and a chain of three phosphate

dsadasda

sdasdasda

Answer 3

ATP

Question 4

Structure of ATP

Answer 4

Sugar ribose, N-base adenine, chain of three phosphate

Question 5

3 main kinds of work of a cell

Answer 5

chemical work, transport work, and mechanical work

Question 6

possible through energy coupling, where the cells use an exergonic process to drive and endergonic reaction

Answer 6

3 main kinds of works

Question 7

synthesis of polymers from monomers (pushing of endergonic reactions)

Answer 7

chemical work

Question 8

pumping of substances across membranes (against the direction of spontaneous movement)

Answer 8

transport work

Question 9

beating of cilia, contraction of muscles

Answer 9

mechanical work

Question 10

used to make RNA

Answer 10

ATP (since ATP is used as one of the nucleoside triphosphate)

Question 11

The bond between phosphate groups can be broken down by hydrolysis

Answer 11

TRUE

Question 12

When the terminal phosphate is broken down by the addition of water molecule, a molecule of inorganic phosphate (HOPO3^-2) leaves the ATP

Answer 12

TRUE

Question 13

The reaction is exergonic and releases ______ of energy per mole of ATP hydrolyzed

Answer 13

-7.3 kcal

Question 14

Formula of ATP hydrolysis

Answer 14

ATP + H2O —> ADP + Pi

Question 15

What happens during ATP Hydrolysis

Answer 15

1. A lone pair of e- of oxygen in H2O will launch a nucleophilic attack on the phosphorus (of
   phosphate).
2. However, it needs to overcome the negative charges to get close to the POSITIVE CHARGES. It
   can be done with the help of ATPases.
3. ATPases surround the ATP molecule with positive ions and keep the negative ions busy.
4. Eventually the electrons can bond with terminal P and cleave the bond.
5. At the end of hydrolysis, ADP and inorganic phosphate (HOPO3^-2) are formed.

Question 16

What is somewhat greater energy is released than the energy most other molecules could deliver

Answer 16

The energy released by ATP on losing a phosphate group is
somewhat greater

Question 17

But why does this hydrolysis release so much energy?

Answer 17

we can see that all three
phosphate groups are negatively charged. These like charges are
crowded together, and their mutual repulsion contributes to the
instability of this region of the ATP molecule. The triphosphate tail of
ATP is the chemical equivalent of a compressed spring.

Question 18

The adjacent negative charges repel each other.

Answer 18

ELECTROSTATIC REPULSION

Question 19

The molecule that can achieve a lower energy state by hydrolysis, which allows the phosphate groups to separate from each other

Answer 19

ELECTROSTATIC REPULSION

Question 20

When energy is released….

Answer 20

This comes from the chemical change of the system state of lower free energy and NOT from the phosphate
bonds.

Question 21

How does the ATP Hydrolysis perform work?

Answer 21

Most of the time when an animal is exposed to a cold environment, the reaction of the body is through shivering. In this reaction of the organism, shivering uses ATP during muscle
contraction to warm the body. Since it will also be a disadvantage for organisms to generate heat during ATP hydrolysis, to maintain the living conditions inside the cell, the energy released during ATP hydrolysis is used by proteins to perform work: chemical, transport, and mechanical Hydrolysis of ATP leads to a change in the shape of the protein and in its ability to bind to another molecule. Phosphorylation (ADP to ATP) and dephosphorylation (ATP to ADP) promote crucial protein shape changes during important cellular process

Question 22

Reaction coupling

Answer 22

> The use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one.
Two reactions are linked together with one providing the energy needed for the other to occur.
The linking often happens through a shared intermediate, meaning that a product of one reaction is “picked up” and used as a reactant in the second reaction.
The energy generated from one reaction is used to drive the second reaction. This is being done by phosphorylation.