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Structure and Function > Structure and Function > Flashcards

Structure and Function Flashcards

0
Q

Meissner corpuscles

A

Located in dermal papillae
Touch
Palms and soles

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1
Q

Langerhans cell stain

A

CD1a

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2
Q

Apocrine gland secretion

A

Decapitation

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3
Q

Vater-Pacinian corpuscles

A

Located in deep dermis of palms, dorsum hands, soles, nipples, anogenital region
Pressure

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4
Q

Apocopation

A

Process by which melanocytes transfer melanosomes to keratinocytes via phagocytosis of melanocytic dendritic processes by keratinocytes

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5
Q

Type I and Type II Keratins (Acid/base, chromosomes)

A

Type I: Acidic, Keratins 9-20 (ch17)

Type II: Basic, Keratins 1-8 (ch12)

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6
Q

Keratin of upper stratum spinosum

A

Keratin 1 and 10 (Congenital bullous ichthyosiform erythroderma)

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7
Q

Keratin of basal layer

A

Keratin 5 and keratin 14 (Epidermolysis bullosa simplex)

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8
Q

Normal turnover of epidermis

A

26 to 28 days. (13 to 14 days for basal layer corneum and 13 to 14 days for shedding)

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9
Q

Merkel cell

A

Type I mechanoeceptor

Derived from ectoderm and neural crest cells

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10
Q

Two types of melanin pigment

A

Eumelanin (Brown and black)

Pheomelanin ( Red or yellow)

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11
Q

Antigen processing system and interleukin of Langerhans cell

A 
MHC class II presentation to T cells
IL-12
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12
Q

Desmosomal cadherins (With diseases)

A

Desmogleins (membrane bound):
desmoglein 3 = pemphigus vulgaris
desmoglein 1 = pemphigus folaceous

Desmocollins (membrane bound)
Plakoglobin (cytoplasmic)
Desmoplakin (cytoplasmic,in both desmosomes and adherens junctions)

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13
Q

Connexin-26 mutation

A

GJB 2

Vohwinkels syndrome & keratitis-ichthyosis-deafness syndrome

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14
Q

Producer of the hydrophobic barrier between granular in cornfield layers

A

Lamellar granules (Odland bodies)

Contain precursors to ceramides
Extrude lipids and enzymes into intercellular space

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15
Q

Types of collagen found in the dermis of adults and fetuses

A

Adults: Type I & III
Fetuses: Type III

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16
Q

Fibulin

A

Calcium binding extracellular matrix proteins in the lamina densa
Support structural network of BM
Fibulin-1 mutation = Marfan syndrome

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17
Q

Anchoring Fibrils Location and Collagen

A

Lamina densa –> dermis –> anchoring plaque/lamina densa

Collagen VII

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18
Q

Microfibrils of lamina densa

A 
Elaunins = Horizontal
Oxytalins = Perpendicular
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19
Q

Integrins

A

Integrate intracellular cytoskeleton with extracellular matrix

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20
Q

Integrin Beta 4 (alpha6beta4)

A

In hemidesmosome of basement membrane
Binds to laminin 5 in anchoring filaments
Role in junctional epidermolysis bullosa

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21
Q

Selectins

A

Mediate recruitment of inflammatory cells

L (Leukocyte)
P (Platelet) - stored in Weibel-Palade bodies of endothelium
E (Endothelial) - produced in response to IL-1 and TNF

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22
Q

What does E-cadherin do

A

Langerhan cells to epidermis

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23
Q

Location of Langerhan cell in epidermis

A

Stratum spinosum

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24
Q

Eccrine gland secretion

A

Merocrine

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25
Q

Sebaceous gland secretion

A

Holocrine

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26
Q

Level of desmosomes in epidermis

A

Stratum spinosum

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27
Q

Stem cell rich sites

A

Rete ridges and hair bulge

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28
Q

Keratohyaline granule contents (3)

A

Profilaggrin, keratin, Loricrin

Results in soft flexible keratin

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29
Q

Two products of filaggrin and function

A

Urocanic acid & pyrrolidone carboxylic acid

Hydrates stratum corneum
Blocks UV radiation

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30
Q

Keratinocyte cytokines and interleukins

A

IL-1, IL-8, TGF-B

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31
Q

Six desmosomal plaque proteins

A

Plakoglobin, desmoplakin I &II, desmocalmin, desmoyokin, band 6 protein

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32
Q

Connexin-30 mutation

A

GJB 6

Cloustons syndrome

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33
Q

Connexin- 30.3 and 31

A

GJB 4 and 3

Erythrokeratoderma variablis

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34
Q

Melanin production regulator

A

MCR1 receptor

Loss of function mutation in red heads

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35
Q

Specific keratin of merkel cell

A 
Cytokeratin 20 (K20)
Paranuclear dot pattern
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36
Q

Type of collagen in the lamina densa

A

Collagen IV

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37
Q

5 Members of Plakin Family

A

BPAg1, desmoplakin, periplakin, envoplakin, plectin

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38
Q

Two amino acids in elastic fibers

A

Desmosine and Isodesmosine

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39
Q

Which element is necessary for melanin production

A

Copper (needed for tyrosinase)

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40
Q

Elastin stains

A

Verhoeff-van Gieson, Orcean, Resorcin-Fuchsin

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41
Q

Ground substance components

A

Glycosaminoglycans - hyaluronic acid

Proteoglycans - versican,perlecan

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42
Q

Macrophage receptors/stains

A

S100, factor XIIIa, CD68, CD163, CD25

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43
Q

Dendritic cell receptors

A

Factor XIIIa (dermatofibroma, angiofibroma, fibrous papules)

CD34 (around hair follicle, DFSP) (absent in morphea)

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44
Q

Mast cell stains

A 
Toludine blue
Methylene blue
Giemsa
Leder (good when mast cells have degrantulated)
Chymase, tryptase
45
Q

Glomus cells

A

Derived from susquet-hoyer canals

Found between arterioles and venules, shunt blood and temperature

46
Q

Eccrine duct sections and innervation

A

Acrosyringium, straight dermal portion, coiled secretory portion in panniculus

Cholinergic innervation (C fibers)

47
Q

Eccrine gland stains

A

S100, CEA

48
Q

3 sections of hair follicle

A 
Infundibular segment (epidermis to sebaceous duct)
Isthmus (sebaceous duct to arrector pili insertion)
Inferior segment (bulb, dermal papilla)
49
Q

Critical line of Auber

A

Widest diameter of bulb
Bulk of mitotic activity that gives rise to hair and IRS
ORS occurs below this level

50
Q

Layers of hair bulb from inner to outer

A

Hair shaft (medulla, cortex, cuticle), inner root sheath (cuticle, Huxley, Henley), outer root sheath

51
Q

First layer of inner root sheath to be cornified

A

Henle

52
Q

Growth rate of hair

A

0.37 mm/day

53
Q

Oral mucosa sebaceous glands

A

Fordyce spots

54
Q

Eyelid sebaceous glands opening into follicle

A

Mebomian glands

55
Q

Nipple sebaceous glands

A

Montgomry tubicles

56
Q

Sebaceous glands of penis

A

Tyson glands

57
Q

Sebaceous glands of eyelids that don’t open into follicle

A

Zeiss glands

58
Q

Content of sebum

A

Glycerides, Wax esters and squalene

59
Q

Growth rate of fingernails

A

0.1 mm/day

4-6 months to regrow nail

60
Q

Growth rate of toenails

A

0.03 mm/day

12-18 months to replace toenail

61
Q

The proximal nail matrix is formed by which plate

A

Dorsal plate

62
Q

The distal nail matrix is formed by which plate

A

Ventral plate

63
Q

Once keratinocytes flatten and reach the granular layer, they lose nuclei and extrude all cellular contents except what two components?

A

Keratin and filaggrin

64
Q

Keratins make up type __ and type __ intermediate filaments?

A

Type 1 and type 2 intermediate filaments

65
Q

Which layer of the skin contains keratohyaline granules? What do the keratohyaline granules contain?

A

KH granules contain profilaggrin, keratin, loricrin. Results in formation of soft, flexible keratin.

66
Q

What is filaggrin degraded to? What two functions do these products serve?

A

Urocanic acid & pyrrolidone carboxylic acid. Hydrates S.C. and blocks UV radiation.

67
Q

What are Odland bodies (lamellar granules)?

A

Small, granular, membrane-bound vacuoles found in the cytoplasm of skin keratinocytes. They are derived from the Golgi apparatus and are associated with the storage and release of lipid precursors.

68
Q

What are the six desmosomal plaque proteins?

A

Desmoplakins 1+2 (mediate attachement of keratins to plaque)
Desmocalmin (important for calcium regulation)
Band 6 protein
Plakoglobin (mediates attachment of keratins to plaque)
Desmoyokin (associated with cell membrane)

69
Q

What are gap junctions composed of and what do they do?

A

GJ’s made up of connexons: A connexon is formed from six connexin molecules. Allow electrical and metabolic coupling among cells.

70
Q

Name the corresponding connexins to the following gap junctions: GJB 2, GJB 3 and 4, GJB 6

A

Connexin 26 (GJB 2);Connexin 31 + 30.3 (GJB 3 and 4); Connexin 30 (GJB 6)

71
Q

The adhesion molecules cadherins are ______ -dependent.

A

Ca2+

72
Q

Name some desmosomal cadherins

A

Desmoglein, desmocollins (membrane-bound)

Plakoglobin, desmoplakins (cytoplasmic)

73
Q

Melanocytes are derived from _____

A

neural crest cells

74
Q

Each melanocyte interacts with approximately how many keratinocytes?

A

36 keratinocytes. = the epidermal melanin unit

75
Q

Why do melanocytes have a surrounding clear halo in the basal layer?

A

Melanocytes lack tonofiliments, therefore cannot form desmosomal attachments with keratinocytes.

76
Q

How do the melanosomes in darker skin compare to those in lighter skin?

A

Melanosomes in dark skin are increased in size and number and are more singly dispersed. The have slow degradation.

77
Q

What receptor/gene is the most important regulator of melanin production?

A

MCR1 receptor (melanocortin 1) is most important regulation of melanin production. Redheads: loss-of-function mutation MCR1.

78
Q

Where are Langerhans cells derived from? What is their main function? Main marker?

A

Mesoderm/bone marrow derived. Function in antigen presentation. CD1a. Secrete IL-12.

79
Q

UV exposure increases or decreases Langerhans cell population?

A

Decreases

80
Q

What type of cell is the Merkel cell? What is the stain to remember with this one?

A

Neuroendocrine cell but also slow adapting type I mechanoreceptors. CK-20.

81
Q

What virus is implicated in Merkel cell carcinoma?

A

Polyomavirus

82
Q

What collagen makes up the lamina densa?

A

Collagen IV

83
Q

The keratin intermediate filaments in the basal layer cell are made up of what keratins?

A

K5, 14

84
Q

Anchoring fibrils are made up of what collagen?

A

Type VII collagen

85
Q

What components traverse the lamina lucida?

A

Laminin 5 (epiligrin), anchoring filaments, BPAg 2 (= BP180, = Collagen 17)

86
Q

Name the components of the lamina densa? There are 7.

A

Type IV collagen. Also have Laminin 5 (laminin 332), Laminin 6, laminin 10, nidogen (entactin), fibulin, and perlecan

87
Q

The epidermal appendages develop between weeks _____ of gestation? In what order?

A

Weeks 18-24. Hair, sebaceous, eccrine, then apocrine

88
Q

How are eccrine glands innervated?

A

Sympathetic cholinergic innervations. Through postganglionic C fiber production of acetylcholine.

89
Q

Apocrine glands: what type of secretion? Contains? Innervation?

A

Decapitation secretion. Consists of protein, carbs, lipids, ammonia, iron, sialomucin. Adrenergic

90
Q

Hair follicles develop during what weeks of gestation? Where on body first?

A

9-12 weeks. Head. Then Cephalad -> Caudal. Ectodysplasin A & noggin are essential for development

91
Q

What is the name for the area with widest diameter of the bulb?

A

Line of Auber. Bulk of mitotic activity that gives rise to the hair and the IRS, ORS occurs below this level

92
Q

Name the three main phases of hair growth and how long they last?

A

Anagen (3-5 yrs, active phase); Catagen (3wks, involution phase); Telogen (3-5mo, resting phase)

93
Q

How does hair growth on the head differ from that on the body?

A

Compared to scalp (2-6 years), most areas of the body have SHORTER Anagen (growing) phase and LONGER Telogen (resting) phase

94
Q

Name the different eyelid glands and what type they are (apocrine or sebaceous)?

A

Moll (apocrine), Meibomian (sebaceous, open into follicle), Zeiss (sebaceous, don’t open into follicle)

95
Q

The dermis is made up of which collagens? Which are the “adult” and “fetal” collagens?

A

Collagens I, III, V. Type I (85%) – adult; Type III (10%) – fetal; Type V (5%)

96
Q

Collagen hydroxylation is dependent on what cofactor?

A

Collagen hydroxylation: Prolyl and lysyl hydroxylase (require vitamin C)

97
Q

Cross-linking of collagen molecules requires what cofactor?

A

Cross-linking of collagen molecules: Catalyzed by lysyl oxidase (requires copper)

98
Q

What stimulates versus inhibits collagen production?

A

Stimulating collagen production: Ascorbic acid, TGF-B, Retinoic acid; Inhibiting collagen production: IL-1, Glucocorticoids, Interferon-_, TNF-_, D-Penicillamine, Minoxidil

99
Q

What unique amino acids make up elastin?

A

Elastin contains the unique AA’s Desmosine, Isodesmosine

100
Q

Describe the difference between oxytalin and elaunin microfibrils?

A

Oxytalin fibers: run perpendicular; insert into BM from papillary dermis. Elaunin fibers: run parallel in reticular dermis; low elastin content

101
Q

Glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans make up what?

A

Ground substance. A proteoglycan is a macromolecule with core protein and attached GAGs

102
Q

Name two proteoglycans?

A

Versican and perlecan

103
Q

Factor XIIIa and CD34 stain what type of cell? Which stains DFs? Which stains DFSP?

A

Dendritic cells. 13a in DF; CD34 in DFSP

104
Q

Cross-linkage of involucrin into the S.C. envelope results from the activity of which enzyme?

A

Epidermal transglutaminase

105
Q

Which cell am I? Neurosecretory granules are seen in the cytoplasm. The tumor cells stain with Neuron-specific enolase

A

Merkel cell/ Merkel cell carcinoma

106
Q

Merkel cell stains

A

Neuron specific enolase (NSE), chromogranin, synaptophysin, VIP, CK20

107
Q

Primary collagen of skin

A

Collagen I

108
Q

Collagen of cartilage

A

Collagen II

109
Q

Collagen of Fetal skin, papillary dermis, blood vessels, GI tract

A

Collagen III

Structure and Function (3 decks)

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