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Excitable Cells > Structure and Development of the Nervous System > Flashcards

Structure and Development of the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What words are used to refer to the head end?

A

➤ Cranial
➤ Cephalic
➤ Rostral
➤ Anterior (four legged animals and embryos)

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2
Q

What words are used to refer to the tail end?

A

➤ Posterior
➤ Caudal

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3
Q

What words are used to refer to the foot end?

A

Caudal

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4
Q

What words are used to refer to the back?

A

➤ Dorsal
➤ Posterior (humans)

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5
Q

What words are used to refer to the belly?

A

➤ Ventral
➤ Anterior (humans)

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6
Q

What words are used to refer to things that are higher vertically?

A

➤ Superior
➤ Dorsal (four legged animals and embryos)

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7
Q

What words are used to refer to things that are lower vertically?

A

➤ Inferior
➤ Ventral (four legged animals and embryos)

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8
Q

What word is used to refer to things that are close to origin?

A

Proximal

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9
Q

What word is used to refer to things that are far from the origin?

A

Distal

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10
Q

What are the sectional planes of the brain?

A

➤ Coronal
➤ Longitudinal
➤ Axial or horizontal

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11
Q

What is the coronal plane of the brain?

A

➤ Frontal plane
➤ Brain is split into front and back

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12
Q

What is the longitudinal plane of the brain?

A

➤ Sagittal plane
➤Brain is split into left and right

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13
Q

What is the axial or horizontal plane of the brain?

A

➤ Transverse plane
➤ Brain is split into top and bottom

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14
Q

What does the central nervous system include and its function?

A

➤ Brain and spinal cord
➤ Integrative and control centres

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15
Q

What does the peripheral nervous system include and its function?

A

➤ Cranial nerves and spinal nerves
➤ Communication lines between between the CNS and the rest of the body

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16
Q

What does motor (efferent) division include and its function?

A

➤ Motor nerve fibers
➤ Conducts impulses from the CNS to effectors (muscles or glands)

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17
Q

What does the sensory (afferent) division include and its function?

A

➤ Somatic and visceral sensory nerve fibers
➤ Conducts impulses from receptors to the CNS

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18
Q

What does the somatic nervous system include and its function?

A

➤ Somatic motor (voluntary)
➤ Conducts impulses from the CNS to the skeletal muscles

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19
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system include and its function?

A

➤ Visceral motor (involuntary)
➤ Conducts impulses from the CNS to cardiac muscles, smooth muscles and glands

20
Q

What is the function of the sympathetic division?

A

Mobilises body systems during activity (fight or flight)

21
Q

What is the function of the parasympathetic division?

A

➤ Conserves energy
➤ Promotes “housekeeping” functions during rest

22
Q

Why do we have a nervous system?

A

➤ Respond to a stimulus
➤ Process the stimulus
➤ Make a decision regarding movement

23
Q

What type of nervous system do primitive animals (e.g. jellyfish) have?

A

Nerve net (not really a nervous system)

24
Q

What is the difference between vertebrates and arthropods regarding nervous system?

A

Arthropods have a ventral nerve cord whereas vertebrates have a dorsal nerve cord

25
Q

When did the vertebrate brain appear?

A

In amphioxus (cephalochordate)

26
Q

What brain divisions do all vertebrates have?

A

➤ Olfactory bulb
➤ Cerebral hemispheres
➤ Cerebellum
➤ Optic tectum (visual processing centre)
➤ Medulla oblongata (brain stem)

27
Q

What are the four regions of the brain in vertebrates?

A

➤ Forebrain
➤ Midbrain
➤ Hindbrain
➤ Spinal cord

28
Q

What are the subdivisions of the forebrain?

A

➤ Telencephalon
➤ Diencephalon

28
Q

What structures does the telecephalon contain?

A

➤ Cortex
➤ Olfactory bulb

29
Q

What structures does the diencephalon contain?

A

➤ Thalumus
➤ Hypothalamus

30
Q

What makes up the brain stem?

A

➤ Midbrain
➤ Hindbrain

31
Q

What are the subdivisions of the brain stem?

A

➤ Mesencephalon
➤ Rhombencephalon

32
Q

What structures does the mesencephalon contain?

A

➤ Tectum
➤ Tegmentum

33
Q

What structures does the rhombencephalon contain?

A

➤ Pons
➤ Medulla
➤ Cerebellum

34
Q

What happens when the ectoderm is specialised?

A

➤ One region becomes the epidermis (on the sides) and the other becomes the neural plate (in the middle) separated by an neural plate border
➤ Border regions move together which results in the neural plane folding and fusing the form the neural tube
➤ Continuous layer of epidermis formed with neural tube underneath it and with neural crest cells between them

35
Q

What does the neural tube become?

A

Central nervous system

36
Q

What do the neural crest cells become?

A

Peripheral nervous system

37
Q

How does the neural tube close?

A

➤ Closing starts at the middles
➤ Closing progresses to the anterior and posterior end
➤ End up with a neural pore at the end of the each tube

38
Q

What can go wrong if the anterior end pore does not close?

A

➤ Brain would not develop
➤ Leads to anencephaly: incompatible with life

39
Q

What can go wrong if the posterior end pore does not close?

A

➤ Condition called spina bifida
➤ Worst case: gap in the vertebral column and a portion of the spinal cord poking out of the baby’s back
➤ Likely that the baby’s leg would be paralysed

40
Q

How can neural tube effects be prevented?

A

Supplementing diet with folic acid in the early stages of pregnancy

41
Q

What drugs increase the risk of spina bifida?

A

Antilepsy/bipolar drugs e.g. sodium valproate used to treat epilepsy and bipolar disorder

42
Q

How does the development of the brain begin?

A

Three swellings at rostral end of the neural tube become the primary vesicles

43
Q

What are the primary vesicles of the brain?

A

➤ Prosencephalon (forebrain)
➤ Mesencephalon (midbrain)
➤ Rhombencephalon (hindbrain)

44
Q

What does the prosencephalon differentiate to?

A

➤ Telencephalon which becomes the cerebrum
➤ Diencephalon which becomes the thalamus, hypothalamus and epithalamus
➤ Structures for the eye

45
Q

What does the rhombencephalon differentiate to?

A

➤ Metencephalon which becomes the pons and cerebellum
➤ Myelencephalon which becomes the medulla oblongata

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