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Y1 MCD Cells > Structure and composition > Flashcards

Structure and composition Flashcards

Cell composition; Prokaryotic vs eukaryotic; Cell membranes; membrane proteins and transport; Intracellular organelles

1
Q

Predominant types of molecules in a cell

A

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids

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2
Q

What constitutes a cell?

A

Various organelles enclosed in a membrane

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3
Q

Typical sizes of cells found in body?

A

Typical cell - 25nm
nerve cell - 10cm
Muscles cells > typical cells

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4
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

Contains cell’s DNA

Control centre of cell

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5
Q

What is the function of the nucleolus?

A

Site for ribosome synthesis

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6
Q

What is the function of the nuclear envelope?

A

Separate nucleoplasm and cytoplasm

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7
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

ATP production

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8
Q

What is the function of SER?

A

Synthesises, stores and transports lipids and carbohydrates

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9
Q

What is the function of SER?

A

Produce hormones and lipids

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10
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

Site of protein synthesis

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11
Q

What is the function of the golgi apparatus?

A

Collect, package and ditribute molecules manufactured in a cell (packaged in secretory vesicles)

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12
Q

What is the function of the plasma membrane?

A

Lipid bilayer contains protein that regulate which molecules can enter and leave the cell

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13
Q

What are the functions of the cytoskeletal components?

A

Support organelles and cell shape

Cell motion

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14
Q

What are the functions of the cytoskeletal components?

A

Support organelles and cell shape

Cell motion

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15
Q

What is the function of centrioles?

A

Spindle fibre formation

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16
Q

What is the function of lysosomes?

A

Contains lysozyme for autolysis/hydrolysis

17
Q

Predominant types of molecules found dissolved in cytoplasm?

A 
Soluble proteins
ions
sugars
nucleotides
amino acids
mRNA
tRNA
lipids & cholesterol
peptides
18
Q

What constitutes the ECM?

A

Basement membrane and the interstitial fluid

19
Q

What is the function of a basement membrane?

A

Surround tissue to separate lining of body surface from connective tissue

20
Q

What constitutes a basement membrane?

A

Type IV collagen network
Laminins
Type XV collagen

21
Q

What is a phosopholipid composed of?

A

polar hydrophilic head (choline phosphate and glycerol)

nonpolar hydrophobic fatty acid tails

22
Q

What is the function of interstitial fluid?

A

Bathe cells

23
Q

How is a phospholipid bilayer created?

A

It self assembles

amphiphilic phospholipids auto orient away/towards water

24
Q

Name some common phospholipids and their charges

A

Phosphatidylcholine (neutral)
Phosphatidylserine (-ve)
Sphingomyelin (contains ceramide)

25
Q

What affects bilayer packing?

A

Unsaturated fatty acids have cis double bonds

Gives a kink and therefore less tight packing

26
Q

Why is the membrane asymmetrical?

A

Neutral phospholipids tend to be on outer membrane
-ve charge phosopholipids tend to be on internal side to give net -ve charge
Glycolipids present on outside

27
Q

Why is the membrane asymmetrical?

A

Neutral phospholipids tend to be on outer membrane
-ve charge phosopholipids tend to be on internal side to give net -ve charge
Glycolipids present on outside

28
Q

What are the permeability properties of the bilayer?

A

Permeable to small neutral molecules (water, oxygen, CO2, Drugs)
Impermeable to large, hydrophilic and charged molecules (Glucose, proteins, nucleic acids, macromolecules)

29
Q

What are the functions of memebrane proteins?

A

Gives cell properties
Involved in signalling and movement
Protein pores provide route for movement of molecules
Symporters act as co-transporters
Antiporters exhange molecules to regulate intracellular pH

30
Q

Define active transport

A

Active movement of molecules against concentration gradient

31
Q

Define osmosis

A

Movement of water from an area of high water potential to an area of low water potential

32
Q

Define facilitated diffusion

A

Movement of charged molecules down concentration gradient through protein channels

33
Q

How can other molecules cross the bilayer?

A

Pinocytosis - engulfment of extracellular water soluble molecules into vesicles
Phagocytosis - engulfment of extacellular bacteria/debris into vesicles following their binding to cell surface receptors
Exocytosis - vesicle fuses w membrane to release out of cell

34
Q

List the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

A

Prokaryotes do not have membrane bound organelles
Prokaryotes are haploid, eukaryotes are haploid or diploid
Eukaryotes have a well defined cytoskeleton
Prokaryotes have a peptidoglycan cell wall, eukaryotes have no cell wall

Y1 MCD Cells (3 decks)

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