Structure and Classification of Bones Flashcards
Long bones
Usually tubular e.g. the humerus
Short bones
Cuboidal and only found in the tarsus (ankle) and carpus (wrist)
Flat bones
Usually serve protective functions e.g. the cranium
Irregular bones
Have various shapes other than long short or flat, e.g. the facial bones
Sesamoid bones
Develop in certain tendons and are found where tendons cross the long bones in the limb e.g. the patella
Periosteum
A fibrous connective tissue covering that surrounds each skeletal element
Perichondrium
The fibrous connective tissue surrounding cartilage
Compact bone
Dense and has few spaces, forms the outer surface of all bones and contributes to the diaphysis of long bones.
Cancellous bone
Sometimes called spongy (trabecular). Made up of thin columns of bone (trabeculae) that form an irregular network surrounded by many spaces
Medullary cavity
Central cavity of bone shafts where red/yellow bone marrow is stored
Articular cartilage
Provides smooth low friction surfaces for free movement
Epiphysis
The rounded end of a long bone, at its joint with an adjacent bone. it is covered with articular cartilage
Metaphysis
The neck portion of a long bone between the epiphysis and the diaphysis.
Diaphysis
The main or midsection of a long bone, composed of compact bone which surrounds a narrow cavity
Endosteum
A thin vascular membrane of connective tissue that lines the inner surface of the tissue that forms the medullary cavity of long bones
Bone marking
Appear wherever tendons, ligaments, fascias are attached or where arteries lie adjacent to or enter bones
Body
The principle mass of bone
Capitulum
Small, round, articular head
Condyle
Rounded, knuckle-like articular area, often occurring in pairs
Crest
Ridge of bone e.g. the iliac crest
Epicondyle
Eminence superior or adjacent to a condyle
Facet
Smooth, flat area usually covered with articular cartilage
Fissure
A slit like opening
Foramen
Passage through a bone, usually transmits nerves or blood vessels
Fossa
Hollow or depressed area
Groove
Hollow or depressed area
Head
Large, round articular end
Line
Linear elevation, sometimes called a ridge
Malleolus
Rounded process
Neck
Relatively narrow portion proximal to the head
Notch
Indentation at the edge of the bone
Process
An extension or projection serving a particular purpose, having a characteristic shape, or extending in a particular direction
Protuberance
A bulge or projection of a bone
Shaft
The diaphysis or body of a long bone
Spine
Thorn-like process
Trochanter
Large blunt elevation
Trochlea
Spool-like articular process or process that acts as a pulley
Tubercle
Small, raised eminence where muscles may attach
Tuberosity
Large rounded elevation where muscles may attach
Functional classification of joints?
Synarthrosis - An immoveable joint
Amphiarthrosis - A slightly moveable joint
Diarthrosis - A freely moveable joint
Structural classification of joints?
Fibrous - varying amounts of fibrous tissue binds the bone ends together, immoveable or slighty moveable
Cartilaginous - bone ends joined together by pads of hyaline or fibrocartilage, slightly moveable
Synovial - Possess a joint cavity which is surrounded by a fibrous capsule and contains synovial fluid, articular cartilage covers the articulating surface of bones so are much more moveable
6 main types of synovial joints are?
Plane, Hinge, Saddle, Condyloid, Ball and socket, Pivot
What is a plane joint?
They permit gliding or sliding in the plane of the articular surface. The opposing surface is flat, tight capsule and uniaxial
What is a hinge joint?
Permit flexion and extension only, movements occur in one sagittal plane around a single axis so are uniaxial. Convex surface fits into a concave surface.
What is a saddle joint?
Permit adduction and abduction, as well as flexion and extension. Movement around two axes at right angles to eachother so biaxial. Articular surface of one bone is convex and other bone fits into it. Allows circumduction
What is a condyloid joint?
Permits flexion and extension as well as abduction and adduction, but movement in sagittal lane is usually the best, but is biaxial. Oval shaped projection of one bone fits into oval shaped depression of another. Limited circumduction.
What is a ball and socket joint?
Allow movement in multiple axes and planes, so multiaxial. Spherical surface of one bone fits into cup like depression of another
What is a pivot joint?
Permits rotation around a central axis, so are uniaxial. A rounded surface of bone articulates with a ring formed by a bone and ligament.
