Structure and bonding Flashcards
Describe, in terms of electrons, what happens when a magnesium atom reacts with chlorine atoms to produce magnesium chloride. [4]
- magnesium loses two electrons…
- …and chlorine gains one electron
- which forms one magnesium and two chlorines
- therefore forming ionic bonds
Describe the structure and bonding in sodium chloride. [4]
- it’s a lattice / giant structure
- it contains ions…
- …Na+ and Cl−
- electrostatic attraction takes place
When sodium chloride is electrolysed, one product is chlorine.
Name the two other products from the electrolysis of sodium chloride solution. [2]
- hydrogen
- sodium hydroxide
Explain why iodine has a low melting point. [3]
- it’s made up of simple molecules…
- …with intermolecular forces…
- …which are weak
Explain, in terms of particles, why liquid iodine does not conduct electricity. [2]
- iodine has no delocalised electrons…
- iodine has no ions…
- …therefore cannot carry charge
Explain why chlorine is a gas at room temperature, but sodium chloride is a solid at room temperature. [6]
Chlorine:
- covalent bonds between atoms
- forming simple molecules
- weak attraction between molecules
- low melting point
Sodium chloride:
- it forms ionic bonds…
- it forms strong bonds…
- …in all directions…
- …between oppositely charged ions…
- …forming a giant lattice
- large amounts of energy are needed to break the bonds…
- …therefore, it has a high melting point
Glass can be coloured using tiny particles of gold. Gold is a metal.
Describe the structure of a metal. [3]
- it’s a lattice / giant structure…
- …of positive ions…
- …with delocalised electrons
Name the type of bonding in a molecule of water. [1]
covalent
The main gas in the atmosphere of Mars is carbon dioxide.
Explain why, in terms of structure, carbon dioxide is a gas, even at low temperatures. [3]
- gas has simple / small molecules
- the intermolecular forces (are weak)…
- …so they only need a small amount of
energy to be overcome / to separate
