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Addtional Science - Chemistry > Structure And Bonding > Flashcards

Structure And Bonding Flashcards

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0
Q

What charge does a metal ion have?

A

Positive

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1
Q

What is a Ion?

A

Ions are electrically charged particles formed when atoms lose or gain electrons.

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2
Q

What charge does non metals have?

A

Negative

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3
Q

How do ions form?

A

Ions form by a metal and a non-metal reacting together by swapping their electrons to achieve a full outer shell.

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4
Q

What is ionic bonding?

A

Ionic bonding is where a metal and a non-metal react together.

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5
Q

In ionic bonding, do metals lose or gain electrons to gain a full outer shell?

A

Lose

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6
Q

What charge is given to a metal ion?

A

Positive because by losing the electron, the element has more positive ions, so therefore the metal is positively charge.

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7
Q

Do non-metals lose or gain electrons during ionic bonding?

A

Gain

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8
Q

What charge is given to a non-metal ion?

A

Negative because the element had gained negatively charged electrons which gives the element a negative charge.

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9
Q

Why does a ionic compound have a high melting point?

A

There is a strong electrostatic attraction between the ions which makes the compound harder to break apart when heated.

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10
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

A strong bond between two non-metals.

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11
Q

How do two non-metals achieve a full outer shell?

A

They do this by sharing their electrons.

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12
Q

How do you represent a covalent compound?

A

Dot and cross diagram.

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13
Q

What is a molecule?

A

A molecule is a collection of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds.

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14
Q

How many bonds can a covalent bond have?

A

Atoms may form multiple covalent bonds - that is, share not just one pair of electrons but two or more pairs. Atoms of different elements will form either one, two, three or four covalent bonds with other atoms.

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15
Q

Simple molecular substances consist of?

A

molecules in which the atoms are joined by strong covalent bonds.

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16
Q

Simple molecular substances are held together by?

A

A weak force.

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17
Q

What do giant covalent structures contain?

A

They contain many atoms joined together by covalent bonds to form a giant lattice.

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18
Q

Why does graphite conduct electricity?

A

Graphite contains free electrons which conduct electricity.

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19
Q

What are simple molecules?

A

These contain only a few atoms held together by strong covalent bonds.

20
Q

Name the properties of simple molecular substances.

A

Low melting and boiling points - This is because the weak intermolecular forces break down easily.
Non-conductive - Substances with a simple molecular structure do not conduct electricity. This is because they do not have any free electrons or an overall electric charge.

21
Q

Hydrogen, ammonia, methane and water are also simple molecules with covalent bonds. What do they all have in common?

A

All have very strong bonds between the atoms, but much weaker forces holding the molecules together.

22
Q

When Hydrogen, ammonia, methane or water melt or boils, which force breaks?
A, Covalent
B, Intermolecular

A

B, intermolecular

23
Q

Macromolecules have giant covalent structures. What do they contain?

A

They contain a lot of non-metal atoms, each joined to adjacent atoms by covalent bonds. Their atoms are arranged into giant lattices, which are strong structures because of the many bonds involved.

24
Q

Do substances with giant covalent structures have a high or low melting/boiling point?

A

They have a very high boiling point because a lot of strong covalent bonds needed to be broken.

25
Q

What is a lubricant ?

A

A substance used to reduce the friction between two solid surfaces.

26
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

A catalyst changes the rate of a chemical reaction without being changed by the reaction itself.

27
Q

What are thermosofting polymers?

A

Thermosoftening polymers soften when heated and can be shaped when hot. The shape will harden when it is cooled, but can be reshaped when heated up again.

28
Q

Give an example of a thermosofting polymer?

A

Poly(ethene) is a thermosoftening polymer. Its tangled polymer chains can uncoil and slide past each other, making it a flexible material.

29
Q

What are thermosetting polymers?

A

Thermosetting polymers have different properties to thermosoftening polymers. Once moulded, they do not soften when heated and they cannot be reshaped.

30
Q

Give an example of a thermosetting polymer?

A

Vulcanised rubber is a thermoset used to make tyres. Its polymer chains are joined together by cross-links, so they cannot slide past each other easily.

31
Q

Why are metals malleable(flexible)?

A

This is because they consist of layers of atoms. These layers can slide over one another when the metal is bent, hammered or pressed.

32
Q

Metals form giant structures. How do the electrons behave ?

A

The electrons in the outer shells of the metal atoms are free to move. The metallic bond is the force of attraction between these free electrons and metal ions.

33
Q

Is the bond in metals strong or weak?

A

Strong, so metals can maintain a regular structure and usually have high melting and boiling points.

34
Q

Metals are good conductors of electricity and heat. Why?

A

This is because the free electrons can move throughout the metal.

35
Q

What is an alloy?

A

An alloy is a mixture of two or more elements, where at least one element is a metal. Many alloys are mixtures of two or more metals.

36
Q

What do alloys contain?

A

Alloys contain atoms of different sizes. These different sizes distort the regular arrangements of atoms. This makes it more difficult for the layers to slide over each other, so alloys are harder than the pure metal.

37
Q

What do shape memory alloys do?

A

Shape memory alloys can return to their original shape after being bent or twisted.

38
Q

Name properties and uses of nanoparticles.

A

Nanoparticles have a very large surface area compared with their volume, so they are often able to react very quickly. This makes them useful as catalysts to speed up reactions. They can, for example, be used in self-cleaning ovens and windows.
Nanoparticles also have different properties to the same substance in normal-sized pieces. For example, titanium dioxide is a white solid used in house paint and certain sweet-coated chocolates. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles are so small that they do not reflect visible light, so cannot be seen. They are used in sun screens to block harmful ultraviolet light without appearing white on the skin.

39
Q

Graphite is soft and slippery because?

A

There are only weak intermolecular forces between its layers.

40
Q

Higher tier- Graphite is a good conductor of heat and electricity. Why?

A

This is because, like metals, graphite contains delocalised electrons. These electrons are free to move through the structure of the graphite.

41
Q

What can Carbon form besides graphite and diamond?

A

Fullerenes.

42
Q

What are fullerenes ?

A

These are cages and tubes with different number of carbon atoms.

43
Q

Name one type of fullerene?

A

Buckminsterfullerene

44
Q

How many carbon atoms do Buckminsterfullerenes contain?

A

Its molecules are spherical and contain 60 carbon atoms.

45
Q

What are fullerenes used for?

A

Fullerenes may be used for drug delivery systems in the body, in lubricants and as catalysts.

46
Q

The tube fullerenes are called?

A

nanotubes.

47
Q

What are nanotubes?

A

These are very strong. They are useful in reinforcing structures where lightness and strength are needed - for example, in tennis racket frames.

Addtional Science - Chemistry (5 decks)

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