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Chemistry - Additional Science > Structure And Bonding > Flashcards

Structure And Bonding Flashcards

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0
Q

What happens when two or more elements react together?

A

Compounds are formed

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1
Q

How do elements react to form compounds?

A

By gaining or losing electrons, or by sharing electrons

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2
Q

What do atoms of elements do to achieve stable electronic structures?

A

The atoms of elements join together by sharing electrons or by transferring electrons. Atoms of the noble gases have stable electronic structures

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3
Q

What is it called when non-metallic elements join together by sharing electrons?

A

Covalent bonding

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4
Q

What happens when metallic elements react with non-metallic elements?

A

They produce ionic compounds

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5
Q

What do metal atoms form after losing electrons?

A

Positive ions

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6
Q

What do the atoms of non metals form after gaining electrons?

A

Negative ions

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7
Q

What is ionic bonding?

A

Oppositely charged ions attracting each other in the ionic compound

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8
Q

How many electrons are in the outer shell of an atom in Group 1? Give an example of a Group 1 atom.

A

1 electron in the outer shell of a Group 1 atom. An example of a Group 1 atom is sodium (Na)

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9
Q

How are ionic compounds held together?

A

Strong forces between oppositely charged ions. This is called ionic bonding.

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10
Q

What do the ions form and how are the strong forces of attraction involved?

A

The ions form a giant structure or lattice. The strong forces of attraction act throughout the lattice.

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11
Q

How can we represent atoms and ions in a diagram?

A

Dot and cross diagram

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12
Q

Ionic bonding holds oppositely charged ions together in WHAT?

A

Giant structures

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13
Q

Why is the giant structure of ionic compounds regular?

A

The ions all pack together neatly, like marbles in a box

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14
Q

Strong electrostatic forces of attraction act in WHICH direction?

A

All directions

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15
Q

What is each ion in the giant structure or lattice is surrounded by and what does it ensure?

A

Ions with an opposite charge so it is held firmly in place

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16
Q

The sodium and chloride ions alternate to form a WHAT?

A

A cubic lattice

17
Q

The ratio of ions in a structure of an ionic compound depends on WHAT? Give an example.

A

The charge of the ions. For example, calcium ions are Ca2+ and chloride ions are Cl-, so calcium chloride contains twice as many chloride ions as calcium ions and it’s formula is CaCl2.

36
Q

What is the charge of ionic compounds?

A

Neutral

37
Q

What do the charges on the ions always do?

A

The charges on the ions in an ionic compound always cancel each other out

38
Q

What does the formula of an ionic compound show?

A

Th ratio of ions present in the compound

39
Q

When is a covalent bond formed?

A

When 2 atoms share a pair of electrons

40
Q

What does the number of covalent bonds that an atom forms depend on?

A

The number of electrons it needs to achieve a stable electronic structure

41
Q

How are atoms in metals arranged?

A

Closely packed together and arranged in regular layers

42
Q

What happens to the electrons of a metal atom in the highest energy level?

A

The electrons are delocalised

43
Q

What holds the metal atom together?

A

The strong electrostatic forces between the electrons and the positively charged metal ions.

44
Q

Are the atoms in a metallic element all the same size or do they differ?

A

All the same size

45
Q

What does it mean if the electrons in the highest energy level delocalise?

A

The electrons can move freely between atoms

46
Q

When electrons in the highest energy level delocalise and can move between atoms freely, what is produced?

A

A lattice of positive ions in a ‘sea’ of moving electrons.

47
Q

What do the delocalised electrons do?

A

Attract the positive ions and hold the giant structure together

48
Q

What is a compound?

A

A substance made of two or more elements that have reacted together or that are chemically bonded together

49
Q

Which elements in an atom are involved in bonding?

A

The outer electrons

50
Q

What happens to electrons in atoms when ionic bonds are formed?

A

The are transferred or metal atoms old electrons and non metal atoms gain electrons

51
Q

What happens to electrons in atoms when covalent bonds are formed?

A

They are shared. For each covalent bond, one pair of electrons is shared

52
Q

Why do the elements in Group 1 form ions with a single positive charge?

A

They lose their one outer electron

53
Q

Why do the elements in Group 7 form ions with a single negative charge?

A

They gain one electron so their outer shell has 8 electrons or so they have the structure of a noble gas

54
Q

Why can the structure of a metallic element like copper be represented by lots of small spheres the same size packed together?

A

The atoms in copper are all the same size, they are spherical, they are closely packed together in a giant structure

55
Q

Why do ionic compounds have giant structures?

A

The attractive forces between oppositely charged ions in all directions, so the ions pack closely together in a regular arrangement (lattice), ions are very small so a crystal contains many ions

56
Q

Explain why silicon (Group 4) has a giant structure.

A

Silicon atoms form 4 covalent bonds, each silicon atom can join to 4 others, the bonds are strong; this continues so that a giant structure is formed

57
Q

Explain how atoms in a piece of sodium metal are held together

A

The outer electrons delocalise, leaving a lattice of positive ions; the delocalised electrons attract positive ions; the electrostatic forces are strong, and these hold the ions in position

Chemistry - Additional Science (1 decks)

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