Structure and Bonding

Question 1

What is ionic bonding?

Answer 1

Transfer of electrons from metallic and non-metallic

Question 2

What is a cation and anion

Answer 2

Cation = lose e-, positively charged ion
Anion = gain e-, negatively charged ion

Question 3

What type of force does an ionic bond have

Answer 3

Electrostatic attractions between oppositely charged ions forming ionic compounds

Question 4

What do the strong electrostatic forces between ions mean

Answer 4

Lots of energy
High melting and boiling points

Question 5

Electrical conductivity of ionic compounds

Answer 5

Molten or dissolved
Ions free to move

Question 6

Solubility ionic bonding

Answer 6

Dissolve in water, water molecules are polar so pull ions away from lattice so it dissolves

Question 7

Giant ionic lattices structure

Answer 7

Arranged in regular repeating pattern so positive charged cancel out negative charges
Overall electrically neutral

Question 8

Covalent bond electrons

Answer 8

Sharing between a pair of electrons between two non-metals

Question 9

Forces in covalent bonding

Answer 9

Electrostatic attraction between nuclei of two atoms and bonding electrons of outer shells

Question 10

Type of bonds in covalent bonding

Answer 10

Single - both molecules overlap in dot and cross diagram
Double = O=C=O
Triple = N=-N

Question 11

Forces in simple covalent bonding of molecule

Answer 11

Van der waals
Strong covalent bonds and intermolecular forces

Question 12

Giant covalent Graphite

Answer 12

Weak bonds easily broken so slide over each other, delocalised electrons for electrical conductivity, low density because layers are far apart, soluble

Question 13

Giant covalent diamond

Answer 13

High melting point, hard, vibrations travel easily so good thermal conductor, cant conduct electricity, wont dissolve in solvent

Question 14

Why does HCl conduct electricity

Answer 14

HCl is an acid so it dissociates into H+ and Cl- which are ions, so can carry charge

Question 15

What is a dipole

Answer 15

Unequal distribution of electronegativity between two atoms
(one partially positive other partially negative)

Question 16

What’s a dipole moment

Answer 16

Looking at whole molecule not just two atoms within molecule

Question 17

What if a molecule is symmetrical

Answer 17

Dipoles cancel out and there is no overall dipole moment

Question 18

How to draw dipole

Answer 18

arrow with line in it
-/->

Question 19

What is a co-ordinate bond

Answer 19

Both electrons shared come from same atom

Question 20

Example of dative bond

Answer 20

NH4

Question 21

What’s a lone pair

Answer 21

unshared electron pair

Question 22

Why do lone pairs repulse the most

Answer 22

more concentrated electron cloud than other bonding pairs of electrons
Cloud charges are wider and closer to central atom’s nucleus

Question 23

Order of repulsion

Answer 23

lone pair to lone pair > lone pair to bind pair > bond pair to bond pair

Question 24

What molecules are van der waal forces in

Answer 24

all molecules

Question 25

How do van der waals forces act

Answer 25

Electron charge cloud in non-polar molecules constantly moving. Electron cloud can be more one side of the atom than the other, causing a temporary dipole which induces neighbouring molecules. This causes one atom to be partially positive and the neighbouring molecules atom partially negative, attracting them. Clouds constantly moving so only temporary dipole.