Structure Flashcards
Chapter 6
Regulate group behaviors and influence individual judgements.
NORMS
Describe how most members act, feel, and think
Descriptive
Shared among group members, rather than personal, individual-level beliefs; group level; tend to be shared.
Consensual
Define which behaviors are considered “bad” or wrong and which a “good” or acceptable.
Injunctive
following the orders of the leader; Set the standards for expected behavior; what should be done, what is right.
Prescriptive
Identify behaviors that should not be performed; negative suction.
Proscriptive
Describe the unwritten rules of conduct in the group.
Informal
Often so taken for granted that members follow them automatically.
Implicit
Emerge as members reach a consensus through reciprocal influence; shared rules.
Self-generating
Once they develop, resistant to change and passed from current members to new members; stablished norm then it can be pass to the other
generation.
Stable
certain role in one group.
ROLES
An increase in the number of roles in a group, accompanied by the gradual decrease in the scope of roles as each one becomes more narrowly defined and specialized.
Role Differentiation
Any position in a group occupied by a member who performs behaviors that promote completion of tasks and activities. Provide solution to the task and accomplish it; disagreement starts.
Task Role
Any position in a group occupied by a member who performs behaviors that improve the nature and quality of interpersonal relations among members;
Relationship Role
it is which member emphasize the self need rather than group.
Individual Role
group will survive with two basic demand (1. Accomplished of the task 2. Relationship among members should maintain)
Kenneth Benne and Paul Sheat
Theory of Group Socialization by
Richard Moreland and John Levine
- Unclear expectations about the behaviors to be performed by an individual occupying a particular position within the group; unclear role on group; role stress.
Role Ambiguity
- A state of tension, distress, or uncertainty caused by inconsistent or discordant expectations associated with one’s role in the group; multiple role then conflict arise, role overload; should have a clear role, play in a group.
Role Conflict
- occurs when individuals
occupy multiple roles within a group and the expectations and behaviors associated with one of their roles are not consistent with the expectations and behaviors associated with another of their roles; certain role should meet.
Interrole Conflict
- occurs when the behaviors that make up a single role are incongruous, often resulting from inconsistent expectations on the part of the person who occupies the role and other members of the group; role is not align, result in inconsistent.
Intrarole Conflict
- The degree of congruence between the demands of a specific role and the attitudes, values, skills, and other characteristics of the individual who occupies the role; role should be fix in individual to be accept in the position.
Role Fit
Solutions to manage role stress:
- Makerole requirements explicit and specific.
- Job descriptions for each role should be conveyed properly; role should be deliver properly.
- Provide employees feedback about expected behaviors of them; feedbacking
connection of the member to build network
INTERMEMBER RELATIONS
The study or relations among individuals in groups.
Social Network Analysis (SNA)
- The degree of connectedness of group’s members, as indexed by the number of actual ties linking members divided by the number of possible ties; link to one another the impact of the group
Density
- The number of ties between group members; the group’s degree centrality is the average of the direct connections among group members. (Ex. person 20)
Degree Centrality
Number of links TO others
Outdegree
- Number of links FROM others
Indegree
- The degree to which a group member’s position in a network is located along a path between other pairs of individuals in the network. (Ex. person 1)
Betweenness
- The distance, in terms of ties, of an individual from all others in the network. (Ex. person 12)
Closeness
The gradual rise of some group members to positions of greater authority, accompanied by decreases in the authority exercised by the other members.
* stable variations in members’ relative dominance and authority have such names as ranking.
Status Differentiation
—– status vs. ——status
Claiming, Perceiving
Who is behind Expectation-states Theory?
Joseph Berger
- task specific
Specific Status Characteristics
- general personal qualities
Diffuse Status Characteristics
Being the only member, representative of a certain social category
Solo status
Sociometric Differentiation- The development of stronger and more positive interpersonal ties between some members of the group, accompanied by decreases in the quality of relations between other members of the group.
* Reciprocity or mutual liking
* Transitivity or the passing of a relationship
from one element to the next.
* Clusters or cliques or subgroups within the larger group
Sociometric Differentiation
assumes that interpersonal relationship can either be balanced (without stress) or unbalanced (with stress)
Balance Theory
Who is the person behind Balance Theory?
Fritz Heider
Regular patterns of information exchange among members;
COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- a position located at the crossroads (the hub) of communication
Centrality Effects
Roughly equal number of channels at each position
Non-Centralized
or mutual liking
Reciprocity
or the passing of a relationship from one element to the next.
Transitivity
or cliques or subgroups within the larger group
Clusters
Information Saturation
Upward vs. Downward Communication
is a powerful conceptual and methodological tool that provides a clearer understanding of the unseen group structures that underlie recurring patterns of interpersonal behaviors in groups.
Systematic Multiple Level Observation of Groups (SYMLOG)
- Is this member active, outgoing, and talkative, or passive, quiet, and introverted?
Up versus Down, or dominance/submissiveness
- Is this member warm, open, and positive or negative and irritable?
Positive versus Negative, or friendliness/unfriendliness
- Is this member analytic and task-oriented or emotional, untraditional, and (in some cases) resentful?
Forward versus Backward, or acceptance/non-acceptance of authority
