Structure 1 Flashcards
Anything greater than n=3 to the level n=3, n=4 or n=5 will produce light in what region?
Infrared
If there is a physical boundary between two mixtures, is it homogenous or heterogenous? Eg, oil and water
Heterogenous
Chromatography
Is used to separate different components in a mixture
Retardation factor formula
Distance travelled by component (b)/ distance travelled by solvent (a) from original spot
How many electrons can be in ‘s’?
2
Heterogenous mixture
Where all components are in different phases
Concentrations are expressed in
mol dm^-3
Molar volume of a gas formula
n=v/molar volume (given)
Percentage uncertainty formula
Absolute uncertainty/measurement x 100
Gas qualities
Particles move in constant, random motion, and constantly collide with each other (if in a container)
Solid qualities
Particles are held closely together in a lattice structure, in a fixed position. Particles vibrate around a fixed point.
Volatile
Readily goes from a liquid to a gas
Radioisotope
Unstable form of an element that emits radiation to transform into a more stable form
Hund’s rule
If two or more orbitals of equal energy are available, electrons will occupy them singularly before filling them in pairs
Correlation between volume and temperature
n1=n2 and p1=p2
The volume increases, the temperature increases
How to find maximum total apparatus uncertainty
Add individual and instrument percentage uncertainties
Correlation between pressure and volume at a constant temperature
n1=n2 and T1=T2
Increasing pressure, decreasing volume
The faster that the particles move in an ideal gas, what happens to the temperature?
It increases the faster they move
If two measurements are multiplied or divided, the absolute uncertainty is found by:
The sum of the percentage uncertainties of the measurements
Does Ar have units?
No
cm^3 –> dm^-3
Divide by 1000
A X ^n+/n-
Z
What do these stand for (the X is bigger)
A is mass number
Z is atomic number
n+/n- are charges
What are the two exceptions in electron formulas? Why?
Cr and Cu
1 electron is stolen from 4s to make full boxes.
(3d^5,4s^1, 3d^104s^1)
Molar mass units
g mol
Fractional uncertainty formula
Absolute uncertainty/measurement
From anything greater than n=2 to n=2, in what region will light be produced?
Visible region
How many electrons can be in ‘p’?
6
Pa-KPa
Divide by 1000
Ideal gas’ volume (in reference to the particles and the gas’ volume)
Particles have negligible volume compared with the volume the gas occupies
How many electrons can be in ‘d’?
10
Correlation between pressure and temperature at a constant volume
n1=n2 and v1=v2
When the pressure increases, the temperature increases
Liquid qualities
Liquids still have attractive forces between the particles but are more free to move
P
V
n
T
R
What do these stand for and what are they measured in?
P - pressure in Pa
V - volume in m^3
n - amount in mol
T - temperature in Kelvin
R - gas constant (given)
Pauli’s exclusion principle
Each orbital can only contain 2 electrons. No two electrons can have the same four electronic quantum numbers.
Difference between evaporation and boiling
Evaporation is changing from a liquid to a gas below the boiling point. The particles at the surface gain enough energy to escape as a vapour.
Boiling is changing from a liquid to a gas when the vapour pressure equals the external pressure. Particles throughout the liquid gain enough energy to turn into vapour at the boiling point.
Homogenous mixture
Where all components are in the same phase
What is the order of the energy sublevels?
1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s …
If two measurements are added or subtracted, the absolute uncertainty is found by:
Sum of the absolute uncertainties of the two measurements
Anything greater than n=1 to the level n=1, will produce light but in what region?
Ultraviolet
A has what units?
g mol ^-1
What is heat in comparison to temperature?
Heat is a measure of the total amount of energy in a substance, and it depends on how much substance there is.
Temperature measures how ‘hot’ a substance is, and does not depend on how much substance there is. It is a measure of the average kinetic energy.
Aufbau principle
Electrons must fill the lowest available energy levels before filling higher levels
