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Geology > Structural Year 2 Exam 2 > Flashcards

Structural Year 2 Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Hinterland

A

The direction towards the more deformed

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2
Q

Foreland

A

Direction towards the undeformed

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3
Q

Allochthonous

A

The part that is moving

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4
Q

Autochthonous

A

The part that isn’t moving

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5
Q

Decollement

A

The stationary, more competent layer under the surface that contributes to the thin-skinned deformation

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6
Q

What is Critical Taper theory

A

Deformation in the hinterland builds to the critial taper, once reached the thrust sheet moves.

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7
Q

What ways is the critical angle restored?

A

By forming a thrust fault, eroding the hinterland, and normal faulting caused by gravity

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8
Q

Duplex

A

Thrust sheet that has a floor thrust and a roof thrust

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9
Q

Free folds

A

based entirely on physical mechanical properties

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10
Q

forced folds

A

requires bending and stretching

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11
Q

Fault-bend-fold

A

The start of a duplex

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12
Q

Forced-propagation-fold

A

The start of an imbricate fold

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13
Q

Releasing bends

A

curve in the fold that causes a gap

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14
Q

Restraining bends

A

curve in the fold that causes bunches

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15
Q

What is the result of releasing bends

A

extension
normal faults
Grabens/basins

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16
Q

What is the result of Restraining bends

A

Compression
Reverse faults
uplift/mountains

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17
Q

In a left lateral slip, which direction is the Riedel shear pointed?

A

Right (opposite)

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18
Q

In a left lateral slip, which direction is the en echelon array pointed?

A

left

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19
Q

Stratography is known

A

____cline

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20
Q

Stratography is unknown

A

____form

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21
Q

Stratography is normal

A

Young over old

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22
Q

Stratgraphy is not normal and peaks upward

A

antiformal syncline

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23
Q

Stratography is not normal and peaks downward

A

synformal anticline

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24
Q

in sequence thrusting

A

a thrust sequence that has formed progressively and in order in one direction

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25
Q

step over to the left

A

compression

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26
Q

step over to the right

A

extension

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27
Q

Transpression

A

Transform body with compression

28
Q

Transtension

A

Transform body with extension

29
Q

Overturned

A

At least 1 limb is rotated beyond vertical

30
Q

Hinge line

A

line of max curvature on a folded surface

31
Q

Limb

A

side of the arch before the crest

32
Q

axial surface/plane

A

surface that contains hinge lines from consecutive folded surface

33
Q

fold axis

A

in cylindircal fold, it is the part that resembles a fold around a tube. Also known as straight line hinge

34
Q

Kink fold

A

Lightning bolt emoji

35
Q

Chevron fold

A

sharp angles, cartoon shark teeth

36
Q

Box fold

A

boxy or omega shaped

37
Q

Ptygmatic folds

A

no consistancy, wiggly worms

38
Q

Where and why do foreland basins form?

A

Form at the base of mountains and are result of immense mass on top, resulting in bending to compensate

39
Q

A flat ramp flat fault formed in a fold and thrust sheet promotes development in which type of fold

A

fault bend fold

40
Q

Buckling

A

Force from either side causing it to eventually buckle/bend

41
Q

Passive folding

A

layering with no mechanical significance formed by differential slip/flow along closely spaces planes
fake folding

42
Q

Bending

A

rock is stretched, causing forces from above and below to concave the middle

43
Q

Boudins

A

Rock anal beads

44
Q

Laccoliths

A

Volcano that never breached the surface, depositing igneous rock below the surface causing a bulge above.

45
Q

Class 1 A folds

A

Thicker limb, thinner hinge

46
Q

Class 1B folds

A

limb = hinge thickness

47
Q

Class 1C folds

A

Thinner limbs, thicker hinge

48
Q

Class 2 fold

A

curvature of outer arc is same as inner arc

49
Q

Class 3 folds

A

curvature of outer arc is tighter than inner

50
Q

When viewing the cross section of a folding sequence of rocks, an imaginary line that connects the hinges of the fold from each layer defines the:

A

Axial trace

51
Q

Folds that have stretched outer arcs and compressed inner arcs are called

A

neutral surface folds

52
Q

What causes neutral surface folds

A

orthogonal flexure

53
Q

T of F: Another term for buckling is active folding

A

False, bending

54
Q

Fold vergance

A

axial trace is rotated
Instead of arcs, its white caps

55
Q

What factors effect wavelength

A

thickness
strength
strength of surrounding rock

56
Q

The symbol for anticline

A

Horizontal line with arrows pointed away north and south of it

57
Q

Symbol for syncline

A

Horizontal line with arrows pointed in north and south of it

58
Q

Overturned symbol

A

Arrows on a curve pointing towards hinge line

59
Q

Recumbant fold

A

Fold that is on is side

60
Q

Two strong buckled sandstone layers produce class 1B folds. A weak shale layer in between the two layers is likely to produce what class of fold?

A

Class 3 fold

61
Q

When looking at an image where a quartz vein goes from straight in section a to wiggly in section B, what differences can be said about the surrounding rocks?

A

A is more resistant aka less viscous

62
Q

T or F, a non-cylindrical fold does not have a fold axis

A

True

63
Q

T or F, a viscosity difference is needed for buckling to occur

A

True

64
Q

What does it mean that parasitic folds show vergence?

A

They are asymmetrical

65
Q

In a flexural slip/flexural flow, which part will have the most strain?

A

The limbs

66
Q

In orthogonal flexure, where is the most strain?

A

The hinge

67
Q
A

Geology (10 decks)

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