Structural Organisation Animals (1) Flashcards
In a unicellular organism, all functions like digestion, respiration, and reproduction are performed by the ……. cell
single
The body of a simple organism like Hydra has different ____ types and the number of each cell type is around ____.
cell, thousands
In multicellular animals, the same basic functions are carried out by different groups of ____ in a well organized manner, known as ____ systems
cells, organ
The ____ is a structure that helps in movement and can be found in organisms like Paramoecium
Cilia
In a __________ organism, all functions like digestion, respiration, and reproduction are performed by a single cell.
unicellular
In __________ animals, the same basic functions are carried out by different groups of cells in a well-organized manner.
multicellular
The body of a simple organism like __________ has different cell types, and the number of each cell type is around thousands.
Hydra
The human body has __________ of cells to perform various functions.
billions
The three unicellular organisms shown in the diagram are __________, __________, and __________.
Amoeba, Paramecium, Euglena
Amoeba moves using __________.
pseudopodia
Paramecium moves using __________.
cilia
Euglena moves using __________.
flagellum
The structure in Amoeba that helps in food digestion is called the __________.
food vacuole
The contractile vacuole in unicellular organisms helps in __________ regulation.
water
The nucleus of Paramecium is divided into two parts: __________ and __________.
macronucleus, micronucleus
Euglena contains __________, which allows it to perform photosynthesis.
chloroplasts
The pigment spot in Euglena is used for detecting __________.
light
In multicellular organisms, cells form __________, which then form __________ and finally an __________.
tissues, organs, organ system
Multicellular organisms belong to the group __________.
Eukaryotes
A group of similar cells along with their __________ substance perform a specific function.
intercellular
When different __________ are arranged in a specific pattern and proportion to perform a specific function, they form an organ.
tissues
When two or more organs interact physically or chemically and perform a common function, they form an __________.
organ system
Cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems exhibit __________ of labour and contribute to the survival of the body as a whole.
division
The __________ of cells varies according to their function.
structure
The diagram shows that a cell forms __________, which then form an organ system.
tissues
The diagram represents a __________ organism.
multicellular
Multicellular organisms belong to the group __________.
Eukaryotes
Tissues are of __________ types.
4
The four types of tissues are __________, __________, __________, and __________.
Epithelial tissue, Connective tissue, Muscular tissue, Neural tissue
Epithelial tissue is derived from __________, __________, and __________.
Ectoderm, Mesoderm, Endoderm
Connective tissue is derived from __________.
Mesoderm
Muscular tissue is derived from __________.
Mesoderm
Neural tissue is derived from __________.
Ectoderm
Epithelial tissue has a free surface that faces __________ or __________.
body fluid, outside environment
Epithelial tissue __________ or __________ body or body parts.
covers, lines
Epithelial tissues have __________ packed cells with little intercellular matrix.
tightly
Epithelial tissues are of __________ types.
2
The two types of epithelial tissues are __________ and __________.
Simple, Compound
Simple epithelium consists of a __________ layer of cells.
single
Compound epithelium consists of __________ cells.
multi-layered
The epithelial tissue is supported by a __________ membrane.
basement
The diagram shows the presence of __________ beneath the epithelial cells.
connective tissue
Simple epithelium is composed of a __________ layer of cells.
single
Simple epithelium lines __________, __________, and __________.
body cavities, ducts, tubes
Based on __________ modification of cells, simple epithelium is of __________ types.
structural, three
The three types of simple epithelium are __________, __________, and __________ epithelium.
Squamous, Cuboidal, Columnar
Squamous epithelium is composed of a ______ layer of ______ cells with ______ boundaries.
Single, flattened, irregular
Squamous epithelium is found in the walls of ______ and ______ of lungs.
Blood vessels, air sacs
The function of squamous epithelium is to form a ______ boundary.
Diffusion
Cuboidal epithelium is composed of ______ of cube-like cells.
Single layer
Cuboidal epithelium is found in ______ of glands and ______ parts of nephrons, in ______.
Ducts, tubular, kidneys
The function of cuboidal epithelium is mainly ______ and ______.
Secretion, absorption
The epithelium of Proximal Convoluted Tubules (PCT) of the nephron in the kidney has ______ and belongs to ______.
Brush bordered, cuboidal epithelium
Microvilli or brush borders ______ the absorptive area of cells.
Increase
Columnar epithelium is composed of a ______ layer of ______ and ______ cells.
Single, tall, slender
The nuclei in columnar epithelium are usually located at their ______.
Base
The free surface of columnar epithelium may have ______ or ______.
Microvilli, brush border
Columnar epithelium is found in the ______ of the stomach and intestine.
Lining
The function of columnar epithelium is ______ and ______.
Secretion, absorption
An example of brush-bordered columnar epithelium is the ______.
Mucosa of small intestine
Which of the following is not true with respect to epithelium?
It is highly vascularized
The ______ consists of two or more cell layers and has a protective function as it does in our skin.
Compound epithelium
The ______ is composed of a single layer of cells and functions as a lining for body cavities, ducts, and tubes.
Simple epithelium
Columnar or cuboidal epithelium may possess ______ on their free surface.
cilia
Function of ciliated epithelium: To move ______ or ______ in a specific direction over the epithelium.
particles, mucus
Ciliated epithelium is present as the inner lining of hollow organs like ______ and ______.
bronchioles, fallopian tubes
Some of the cuboidal or columnar epithelium may be specialized for secretion, forming ______.
glandular epithelium
______ glands consist of isolated glandular cells.
Unicellular
Example of unicellular glands: ______ cells in the mucosa of the alimentary canal.
Goblet
______ glands contain a cluster of cells.
Multicellular
Example of multicellular glands: ______ glands.
Salivary
Glands are divided into two categories based on the mode of ______.
pouring of secretion
______ glands release secretions through ducts.
Exocrine
Exocrine glands secrete ______, saliva, earwax, oil, milk, and digestive enzymes.
mucus
Examples of exocrine glands: ______ gland and ______ gland.
Salivary, Mammary
______ glands are ductless glands.
Endocrine
Endocrine glands produce ______.
hormones
Endocrine secretions are directly poured into the ______.
body fluid (blood)
Examples of endocrine glands: ______ and ______.
Pituitary, Thyroid
______ gland is an example of a heterocrine (composite) gland.
Pancreas
Compound epithelium is made up of more than one layer of cells, also called ______ epithelium.
multi-layered
Compound epithelium has a ______ role in secretion and absorption.
limited
The function of compound epithelium is to provide protection against ______ and ______ stress.
chemical, mechanical
Compound epithelium covers the ______ surface of skin and the ______ surface of the buccal cavity.
dry, moist
It is also present in the ______, inner lining of ducts of ______ glands, and ______ ducts.
pharynx, salivary, pancreatic
Cell junctions are specialized junctions found in nearly all animal tissues that provide ______ and ______ links between adjacent cells.
structural, functional
Cell junctions are found in tissues with ______ intercellular material.
little
Three types of cell junctions found in animal tissues include: 1. ______ junctions 2. ______ junctions 3. ______ junctions
Tight, Gap, Adhering
Tight junctions help to stop ______ from leaking across a tissue.
substances
Tight junctions are formed by groups of ______ junction proteins.
tight
Tight junctions occur between adjacent ______ membranes of cells.
plasma
Gap junctions facilitate ______ to communicate with each other.
cells
Gap junctions connect the ______ of adjoining cells.
cytoplasm
Gap junctions allow rapid transfer of ______, small molecules, and sometimes big molecules.
ions
The structural unit of a gap junction is called a ______.
connexon
Adhering junctions perform ______ function and keep neighboring cells together.
cementing
The cytoplasmic plaque in adhering junctions is connected to ______ of the cytoskeleton.
filaments
The adhesion belt in adhering junctions consists of ______ filaments (actin).
microfilament
Transmembrane ______ are involved in adhering junctions.
glycoproteins
————— links and supports other tissues/organs
Connective tissue
Most abundant and most widely distributed tissue in complex animals
Connective tissue
In connective tissue, cells are ———- arranged with ——— amount of intercellular space
Loosely,large
In all connective tissue, except ———-, the cells ——— secrete fibres of ———— called ———– that provide ——–,——-,—– to tissue
Blood, fibroblasts , structural proteins , collegen or elastin,strength,elasticity and flexibility
Fibroblast cells also secrete modified ———— which accumulate between ——– and ——– and acts as ———-
Polysaccharides,cells,fibres,ground substance(matrix)
Blood is a connective tissue without ——-
Fibre
Types of connective tissue?
3 types
1) loose connective tissue
2)dense connective tissue
3)specialised connective tissue
Cells in connective rissue
Macrophages
Fibroblast
Mast cells
Cells and fibres are loosely arranged in a semi fluid matrix(ground substance)
Loose connective tissue
Loose connective tissue is of —— types
2 types
1) areolar tissue
2) adipose tissue
Areolar tissue present———–
Beneath the skin
Areolar tissue contains cells like
Fibroblast,macrophages,mast cells
Support framework for epithelium
Areolar tissue
Adipose tissue rich in ——– whicha re specialised to store —–
Adipocytes,fat
Excess of nutrients which are not used immediately, are converted to ——— and are stored in ———
Fat,adipose tissue
Located mainly beneath the skin
Adipose
Largest quantity of extracellular matrix in
Loose connective tissue
Mast cells secrete
Histamine
Cell involved In formation of fibres
Fibroblast
Which type of connective tissue is phagocytic
Macrophages
In ———– cytoplasm and nucleus are shifted towards periphery
Adipocytes
In this tissue fibres and fibroblast are compactly packed
Dense connective tissue
types of dense connective tissue
2 types
1) dense regular connective tissue
2) dense irregular connective tissue
In dense regular connective tissue , orientation of fibres show a ———- pattern
Regular
Attatches skeleton muscles to bones
Tendon
——– fibres are present as many ——– bundles in dense connective tissue
Collage,parallel
Attatches one bone to another
Ligaments
Ligaments rich in —— and with few——-
Elastin fibres,collagen bundles
Orientation of fibres show irregular patteen
Dense irregular connective tissue
In dense irregular, fibroblast and many fibres , mostly ——– are oriented ——-
Collagen,differently
This tissue is present in the skin
Dense irregular connective tissue
Specialised connective tissue of —– types
3 types
1) cartilage
2)bone
3) blood
In cartilage, intercellular matrix is ——-,——– and resist ——–
Solid,pliable,compression
Intercellular matrix in cartilage is pliable due to
Chondroitin salts
Cartilage cells
Chondrocytes
Small Cavities which enclose chondrocytes
Lacunae
Location of cartilage cells or chondrocytes
Enclosed in small Cavities (lacunae) within the matrix secreted by them
How is chondrocytes seen
As groups within lacunae
Most of cartilages in —————— are replaced by ——in adults
Vertebrate embryos, bones
Cartilage is present at
Tip of nose, outer ear, in vertebral column between adjacent vertebra, at the articulating ends of long bones(eg:limbs) epiglottis,euscharian tube,tip of ribs trachea,
Hyaline cartilage eg
Tips of ribs trachea
Fibrio cartilage eg
Intervertebral disc
Elastic cartilage
Epiglottis
Bones have —— and ——— matrix
Hard,non pliable
Bones rich in ——-salts and —— fibres
Calcium,collagen
Bone cells
Osteocytes
Bone cells seen in
Lacunae
Osteoblast is
Bone forming cell
Osteoclast
Bone eating cell
Main tissue that provides ——- Framework to the body
Bone
Support and protect soft tissue and organs
Bone
———bones serve weight bearing functions
Limb
———take part in loco option and movement
Bone
The —————- in some bones is the site of production of ——— cells
Bone marrow,blood cells
—– is a fluid connective tissue containing ——– ,—–,——- and ———
Plasma,rbc,WBC, platelets
Main circulatory body fluid that transports various substances
Blood
Percentage of plasma and formed elements in blood
Plasma 55%
Formed elements 45%
Cells in blood
Erythrocyte(rbc)
Leucocyte(WBC)
Thrombocyte(platelets)
Provide site for attachment of skeletal muscles
Bone
Storage of calcium
Bone
——– forms the endoskeleton of sharks
Cartilage
——— is the site of production of blood cells
Red bone marrow
