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Structural Organisation Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Neural tissue formed from

A

Ectoderm

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2
Q

Connective tissue formed from

A

Mesoderm

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3
Q

Types of tissue

A

Epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscular tissue, neural tissue 

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4
Q

Which organs comprise specific proportion and pattern of all basic types of tissue?

A

Heart, lungs, kidney stomach

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5
Q

Percentage of tissues in stomach

A

 all tissues are present in equal proportion, first connective, second muscular third neural, and inner side epithelial

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6
Q

Percentage of tissues present in heart

A

Epithelial 2%, muscular 9295%, connective 2%, neural 1%

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7
Q

When two or more organs perform a common function by their physical and chemical interaction, be together for a

A

Organ system

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8
Q

In which tissue cells are compactly packed with little intercellular, space and matrix?

A

Epithelial tissue

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9
Q

Epithelial cells, rest on a membrane called

A

Basement membrane

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10
Q

Basement membrane is formed of

A

Glycoprotein, collagen fibres, mucopolysaccharides, and is non-cellular

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11
Q

There is no blood supply in which tissue

A

Epithelial tissue because of the less intercellular space and blood vessels cannot penetrate

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12
Q

Which tissue is avascular?

A

Epithelial tissue

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13
Q

How epithelial tissue gets oxygen and nutrients as there is no blood supply

A

Connective tissue is present beneath it and has good blood supply 

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14
Q

Types of epithelial tissue

A

Simple epithelium and compound epithelium 

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15
Q

Define simple epithelium and types of it

A

When a single layer of epithelial cells is present over basement membrane. Types – simple squamous, simple coral, simple columnar

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16
Q

Types of compound epithelium

A

Transitional epithelium and stratified epithelium

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17
Q

Single layer of flat and cells with irregular boundaries

A

Simple squamous epithelium

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18
Q

Cells of – are attached to each other like tiles on floor. This epithelium is called as.

A

Pavement epithelium

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19
Q

Nucleus of simple squamous epithelium

A

Cells are flat. Nucleus is present in centre. It is round and it is also slightly flat.

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20
Q

Functions of simple squamous epithelium

A

Diffusion of gases, alveoli of lungs, present in blood vessels, arteries, beans, and capillaries and name given to blood capillary as endothelium, bowman capsule

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21
Q

Nucleus of simple cuboidal epithelium

A

Centre and round

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22
Q

Function of simple cuboidal epithelium and simple column epithelium

A

Secretion and absorption

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23
Q

Nucleus of simple columnar epithelium

A

Elongated, present, and the lower/basil part of cells

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24
Q

Location of simple cuboidal

A

Ducts of glands and DCT
Microvilli – PCT
Celia – bronchioles

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25
Q

Location of simple column epithelium

A

Stomach and lever
Microvilli – small intestine
 Celia – fallopian tube

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26
Q

They increase the surface area by 20 times for absorption and also also called brush bordered epithelium

A

Microvilli formed from plasma membrane of the free surface of the cell

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27
Q

Unicellular gland, define an examples

A

Unicellular gland consist of single cell, which is responsible for synthesis and creation of a compound
Example – goblet cell – exocrine gland, which secreted and synthesise mucus

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28
Q

Multi cellular gland define and example

A

Consist of many cells responsible for synthesis and secretion of a compound
Examples – salivary gland, sweat gland, sebaceous gland, memory gland, thyroid gland

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29
Q

Types of glands

A

Exocrine gland– duct present
Endocrine gland – duct absent
Hetero gland – exocrine and endocrine present

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30
Q

Example of exocrine glands

A

Lever, sweat gland, celery gland, memory gland
Oil, milk, mucus, digestive enzymes, ears, sweat, saliva

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31
Q

Feud is present around this gland that is this gland bathe in the fluid

A

Endocrine gland

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32
Q

Examples of endocrine gland

A

Adrenal gland, thyroid gland, pituitary gland

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33
Q

Example of hetero crime gland

A

Example pancreas
First part – acini – 99% part – pancreatic juice – digestion, (exocrine part )
Second part – islet of langerhann– 1% – hormones, example-insulin, glucagon,(endocrine part)
Ovaries
Testies

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34
Q

Which is flexible and stretchable epithelium

A

Transitional compound epithelium

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35
Q

Non-flexible and non-stretchable compound epithelium

A

Stratified epithelium

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36
Q

Example of transitional epithelium

A

Uterus and urinary bladder

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37
Q

Example of stratified epithelium

A

Outer surface of skin, moist surface of buckle cavity,pharynx, inner lining of duct of saliva gland and pancreatic duct, cornea

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38
Q

Junction is present in epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscular or neural tissue

A

Epithelial tissue – all three junctions are present
Connective tissue – no cell junction
Muscular/neural tissue – cell junctions are present

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39
Q

Junction is present in epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscular or neural tissue

A

Epithelial tissue – all three junctions are present
Connective tissue – no cell junction
Muscular/neural tissue – cell junctions are present

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40
Q

Keep two cells together, or it helps in cementing two cells together

A

Adherent Junction

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41
Q

Prevents leakage across a tissue, which junction it is
Example

A

Tight junction
Example – stomach (oxytocin cell)

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42
Q

Helps in communication between cytoplasm of one cell with the cytoplasm of other cell

A

Gap junction

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43
Q

Gap junction function

A

Health and transport of ions , small molecules and some times large molecules from one cell to another

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44
Q

In which tissue internal cellular space is a lot and cells are far apart from each other

A

Connective tissue

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45
Q

Extra cellular metrics of connective tissue is filled with

A

First protein fibres
Ground substance – mucopolysaccharides

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46
Q

Most abundant and widely distributed tissue in the body of complex animals

A

Connective tissue

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47
Q

Functions of connective tissue

A

One – the special function of linking and supporting the other organs/tissues
Two – helps in transport of substances in the body

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48
Q

Ligament connects

A

Bone to bone

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49
Q

Tendon connects

A

Muscle to bone

50
Q

In which connective tissue cells are more in number, ground substance is maximum, semi lewd, fibres are less in amount 

A

Loose connective tissue, proper

51
Q

Types of connective tissue

A

1 – connective tissue proper– loose and dense connective tissue
tu – specialised connective tissue – skeletal and fluid connective tissue

52
Q

Which connective tissue do not have protein fibres?

A

Fluid connective tissue – blood,lymph

53
Q

In which connective tissue cells are less in number, ground substance is less, protein fibres are maximum

A

Dense Connective tissue

54
Q

Open spaces, lots of space, present between network of cells and fibres in connective tissue

A

Areola

55
Q

Cells present in connective tissue, proper

A

Fibroblast, mast cell(serotonin, heparin, histamine), macrophage(histiocyte), plasma cell

56
Q

It makes all protein fibres and ground substance in areolar connective tissue

A

Fibroblast

57
Q

Gound substance present in areolar connective tissue

A

Mucopolysaccharide

58
Q

It is largest cell and maximum in number in AREOLAR connective tissue

A

Fibroblasts

59
Q

It releases three types of chemicals name the cell present in AREOLAR connective tissue

A

MAST cell
One – histamine
Two – serotonin
Three – heparin

60
Q

Name the chemical which is released by mass cell and is anticoagulant

A

HEPARIN

61
Q

Name the chemicals which are which are VASODILATOR and VASOCONSTRICTOR released by mass cell?

A

First – histamine – VASODILATOR
Second – serotonin – VASOCONTRICTOR

62
Q

Cell in AREOLAR connective tissue performs phagocytosis of bacteria

A

Macrophage(histiocyte)

63
Q

Which enzyme in macrophage destroy bacteria?

A

Lytic enzyme – lysis

64
Q

Plasma cell are

A

Activated be lymphocyte, which secreted antibodies

65
Q

These are proteins that destroy bacteria, viruses, and fungus that has entered your body

A

Antibodies

66
Q

What are present in extra cellular metrics of AREOLAR connective tissue?

A

Protein fibres – 1 – collagen fibres
Two – elastic fibres
Ground substance – mucopolysaccharide

67
Q

Name the fibre
White colour
Made up of collagen protein (structural protein)
Present in bundles
Unbranched
Rigid, non-elastic, tough, non-flexible

A

Collagen fibres

68
Q

Describe elastic fibres

A

Yellow colour
Made up of elastic protein, which is a structural protein
Single
Branched
Elastic, flexible, strength is also good

69
Q

Where the Arular connective tissue present

A

It is present beneath the skin, links, skin to underlying muscles, forms support framework for epithelium

70
Q

Which cells stores fat in adipose connective tissue?

A

Adipocytes

71
Q

The fat, which is stored in adipocyte

A

Triglyceride

72
Q

 which protein fibres are present in white fibre, dense connective tissue

A

Only collagen fibres and ground substance is mucopolysaccharide

73
Q

Which tissue consist of one layer of white collagen fibres and next layer of cell, and this repeat?

A

Regular white, fibrous tense connective tissue

74
Q

Example of regular and irregular white, fibrous tense connective tissue

A

1 – regular – tendon
2 – irregular –dermis

75
Q

Describe irregular white, fibrous dense connective tissue

A

Collagen fibres are irregularly arranged
Cells are also non-symmetrically arranged 

76
Q

Yellow fibrous dense connective tissue example

A

Ligament

77
Q

Protein fibres present in yellow fibres, dense connective tissue

A

Mainly yellow elastic fibre, little collagen fibre

78
Q

Name the divisions of specialised connective tissue

A

One – skeletal connective tissue – cartilage, bone
Two – fluid connective tissue – blood, lymph

79
Q

Name the cell found in cavity of cartilage and number also

A

Chondrocytes
Number – 1 TO4

80
Q

What is the function of chondrocytes

A

It makes extra cellular metrics of cartilage, that is, it makes protein fibres and ground substance of cartilage

81
Q

Ground substance present present in cartilage

A

Mucopolysaccharides, chondroitin sulphate

82
Q

What type of protein fibres is present in cartilage?

A

Can be white, collagen, fibre, or yellow elastic fibres or both can be present or both can be absent depending on the cartilage

83
Q

What makes the cartilage, solid, pliable, and it resist compression?

A

Extra cellular matrix

84
Q

Examples of cartilage in human

A

Embryonic endoskeleton
Tip of nose
Outer ear joints
Inter vertical disk
C shaped rings over trachea
Pubic SYMPHYSIS

85
Q

What gives strength to bone?

A

Calcium salts and collagen fibres

86
Q

Cells present in the cavity of bone

A

OSTEOCYTE

87
Q

Name the cavity and how many cells in this cavity present in bone?

A

Cavity – LACUNA
Each cavity contains one cell

88
Q

This cavity contains blood vessels that supply blood to bone. It is only present present in MAMMALIAN bone

A

HAVERSIAN Canal

89
Q

OSTEOCYTE makes organic or in organic part of extra cellular matrix

A

Organic

90
Q

Percentage of inorganic part in bone

A

65%(diet)
Calcium phosphate
Calcium carbonate
Magnesium phosphate

91
Q

What kind of fibres are present in bone? and percentage percentage of organic part in bone

A

Collagen fibres
35%

92
Q

 pH of blood and how much blood is present in our body

A

7.4 pH
5 L blood present in our body

93
Q

Percentage of components of blood

A

One – cells – 45%
Two – extra cellular metrics/plasma/liquid part – 55% – water, salt, plasma proteins, nutrients

94
Q

How many muscles present in human body?

A

639 muscles

95
Q

Weight of body because of the muscles

A

40 to 50%

96
Q

Each muscle internally has parallel arranged structures called as

A

Muscle fibres – muscle cell

97
Q

What holds several bundles of muscle fibres?

A

A sheet of tough connective tissue

98
Q

Properties of muscle tissue

A

One– CONTRACTABILITY
Two – EXTENSIBILITY
Three – ELASTICITY
Four– EXCITABILITY

99
Q

Potential difference of muscle fibre

A

70 M volt

100
Q

Types of muscle

A

Skeletal muscles, smooth, cardiac

101
Q

Position of nucleus in all types of muscles

A

Skeletal – multinucleate, peripheral nucleus
Smooth – uninucleated centre
Cardiac – uni nucleated, centre

102
Q

Intercalated disc is present in which muscle and also tell the combination of junctions present in intercalated disc

A

It is present in cardiac muscle
It is combination of gap and adhering junction

103
Q

Name the muscle, which never fatigue and mitochondria is abundant

A

Cardiac muscle

104
Q

Name the muscles which have low blood supply

A

Smooth muscles

105
Q

Name the muscles which are in voluntary control of nervous system

A

Skeletal muscles

106
Q

Classify muscles on the basis of
Striated Or stripped

A

StRIATED – skeletal, cardiac
Non STRIATED – smooth

107
Q

Which muscles show slow contractions, low blood supply, slow fatigue

A

Smooth muscles

108
Q

Blood vessels, stomach, intestine, urinary bladder, fallopian tube, year, radial muscles, uterus, etc comes in which muscle

A

Smooth muscles

109
Q

Name the muscles which are in cylindrical shape and branched

A

Cardiac

110
Q

Name the muscles which are spindle or fusiform shape

A

Smooth

111
Q

It is structure and functional unit of nervous system
Longest cell of the body
Are the excitable?
Shows conduction throughout its plasma membrane
Helps in transmission of impulse

A

Neurons

112
Q

It meet up more than 50% of volume of the entire neural tissue
Also state its function

A

Neuroglial cells
Function – support the neuron and also helps in packaging of neuron

113
Q

Examples of NEUROGLIAL cells

A

One – SCHWAAN cells
Two – OLIGODENDROCYTES

114
Q

What is done by SCHWAAN cells and OLIGODENDROCYTES

A

One – forms milling sheet in peripheral nervous system
Two – forms milling sheet in central nervous system

115
Q

Three parts of neuron

A

One – cell body/soma/cyton/perikaryon
Two – axon
Three – dendrites

116
Q

These are small cytoplasmic branches from cell body in neuron

A

DENDRITES 

117
Q

One – bulb like structure in neuron
Two – chemicals within versicles for future communication
Three – and branching of axon

A

One – synaptic knob
Two – neurotransmitters
Three – AXON terminal/ TELODENDRITE

118
Q

Name the structure present in cell body and dendrites made up of rough, rough endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes
And also mention function

A

Nissl’s granules
 functions – protein synthesis

119
Q

Name the structure present in cell body and dendrites made up of rough, rough endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes
And also mention function

A

Nissl’s granules
 functions – protein synthesis

120
Q

These are the gap between adjacent milling sheet and free conduction possible

A

Notes of RENVIER

121
Q

What is MYELIN SHEATH

A

It is lipid rich
It is a discontinuous layer, act as insulator
Free conduction is not possible

122
Q

 when stimulus is given excitation is done, then disturbance travel across the

A

AXOLEMMA

biology (3 decks)

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