Structural Fire Fighting

Question 1

Fire Dynamics

Answer 1

Energy is the capacity to perform work in the case of heat work means increasing a substance temperature

Question 2

Kinetic energy

Answer 2

When heat is introduced to an object the molecules within the fuel begin to vibrate as the heat thermal energy increases these molecules vibrate more and more rapidly the fuse kinetic energy is the result of these vibrations in the molecules

Question 3

Energy

Answer 3

Is measured in joules the unit of measurement for heat is the British thermal unit BTU a British thermal unit is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 pound of water by 1 degree Fahrenheit

Question 4

Exothermic reactions

Answer 4

Reactions that emit energy as they occur

Question 5

Endothermic reactions

Answer 5

Reactions that absorb energy as they occur

Question 6

Fire triangle and tetrahedron

Answer 6

Fire triangle is oxygen fuel Heat

Fire tetrahedron is reducing agent fuel, oxidizing agent, Heat, chemical chain reaction

Question 7

Ignition

Answer 7

Fuels must be in a gaseous state to burn there for solids and liquids must become gaseous in order for ignition to occur

Question 8

Piloted ignition

Answer 8

Most common form of ignition and occurs when a mixture of fuel and oxygen encounter in external heat source with sufficient heat or thermal energy to start the combustion reaction

Question 9

Auto ignition

Answer 9

Occurs without any external Flame or spark to ignite the fuel gases or Vapors

Question 10

Auto ignition temperature

Answer 10

Is the minimum temperature at which a fuel in the air must be heated in order to start self sustain combustion the auto ignition temperature of a substance is always higher than its piloted ignition temperature

Question 11

Products of combustion

Answer 11

Describe this heat and smoke while the heat from a fire is a danger to anyone directly exposed to it supposed to toxic gases found in Smoke and or lack of oxygen cause most fire Death smoke is an aerosol comprised of gases vapor in solid particles

Question 12

Carbon monoxide

Answer 12

Is toxic flammable product of incomplete combustion of organic carbon containing material it’s colorless odorless gas present in almost every fire it is released when an organic material Burns in an atmosphere with limited supply of oxygen

Co combines with hemoglobin about 200 times more effectively than oxygen

Question 13

Hydrogen cyanide

Answer 13

Toxic and flammable substance produced in the combustion of materials containing nitrogen also found in Smoke

The following materials produced hcn these materials are found in upholstered furniture, bedding, insulation, carpet, clothing

Hcn is 35 times more toxic than Co hcn is significant by product of the combustion of polyurethane foam used in many household furnishings

Question 14

Carbon dioxide

Answer 14

Is is a product of complete combustion of organic materials it’s not toxic in the manner of Co + hcn but it displaces existing oxygen which creates an oxygen deficient atmosphere

Question 15

Chemical energy

Answer 15

Chemical energy is the most common source of heat in combustion reactions

Question 16

Mechanical energy

Answer 16

Friction or compression generates mechanical energy the movement of two surfaces against each other heat of friction that generates heat and or Sparks heat is generated when a gas is compressed

Question 17

Radiation

Answer 17

Radiation is the transmission of energy as electromagnetic waves such as light waves radio waves or x-rays without an intervening medium

Radiant heat transfer primarily depends on the temperature of the heat source

Question 18

Fuel known as the reducing agent

Answer 18

Most common fuels are organic containing carbon and other elements organic fuels can be divided into hydrocarbon best fuel such as gasoline fuel oil plastic cellulose-based materials wood in paper

Question 19

Power

Answer 19

Is the rate at which energy transfers power is the heat release rate during combustion

Question 20

Heat release rate

Answer 20

Is the energy released per unit of time as fuel Burns and is usually expressed in kilowatts heat release rate depends on the type quantity in orientation of the fuel

Question 21

Gases

Answer 21

Gaseous fuels such as methane natural gas hydrogen and acetylene can be the most dangerous of all fuel types because they are already in the physical state required for ignition

Question 22

Characteristics of common flammable gases

Answer 22

Methane natural gas ignition temperature 1004 degrees Fahrenheit
Propane 842 degrees Fahrenheit
Carbon monoxide 1128 degrees Fahrenheit

Question 23

Flashpoint

Answer 23

Is the minimum temperature at which a liquid gives off sufficient Vapors to ignite but not sustain combustion in the presence of a piloted ignition source

Question 24

Firepoint

Answer 24

Is the temperature at which a pilot ignition of sufficient Vapors will begin is sustain combustion reaction Flashpoint is commonly used to indicate the flammability Hazard of liquid fuels

Question 25

Oxygen

Answer 25

Normally air consists of about 21% oxygen that energy release in fire is directly proportional to the amount of oxygen available for combustion

At normal ambient temperatures 68° Fahrenheit materials can ignite and burn at oxygen concentrations as low as 15%

Question 26

Oxygen concentrations

Answer 26

Atmosphere having less than 19.5% oxygen is considered oxygen-deficient

In the atmosphere exceeds 23.5% that mysterious consider oxygen-rich represents an increase fire risk

Question 27

Compartment fire development

Answer 27

All compartment fires begin in the incipient Stage is fuel limited fires once the fire reaches the growth stage the fire will either remain fuel limited if there is enough oxygen to support continued growth or the fire will consume all available oxygen and become ventilation Limited

Question 28

Incipient stage

Answer 28

Test answer the High Castle is in the plume rise until they encountered the ceiling and then began to spread horizontally this flow of fire gases is called the ceiling jet

Question 29

Incipient stage transition

Answer 29

A visual indicator that he fire is leave in the incipient stage is flame height when flames reached 2.5’ high radiated heat begins to transfer more heat then convection the fire will then entered the growth stage

Question 30

Combustion Zone

Answer 30

Therefore when the fuel package is not in the middle of the room the combustion Zone the area where sufficient are is available to feed the fire expand vertically Andy higher plume results a higher Plumb increases the temperatures in the developing Hot Gas layer at ceiling level in increases the speed of fire development

Question 31

Isolated flames

Answer 31

May move through the hot gas layer combustion of hot gases in the case that portions of the hot gas layer are within their flammable range and there is significant heat to cause ignition

The appearance of isolated flame is sometimes an immediate indicator of flashover

Question 32

Rapid fire development

Answer 32

Refers to the rapid transition from the growth stage or early Decay stage to a ventilation limited fully develop stage among these events are flash over and Backdraft

Flashover rapid transition from the growth stage to the fully developed stage is known as flash over
FLASHOVER OCCURS DURING GROWTH STAGE
TEMP OVER 1100 DEGREES F

Significant indicator of flashover is ROLLOVER- where unburned fire gases that I have accumulated at the top of the compartment ignite and Flames propagate through the hot gas layer or across the ceiling

Question 33

CO

Answer 33

The auto ignition temperature of CEO the most abundant fuel gas created in most fires is approximately 1100 degrees Fahrenheit

Question 34

Survival fact

Answer 34

In IST testing conducted in 2013 has shown that the SCBA facepiece begin to fail after 5 minutes of exposure to a heat flux of 15 kilowatts per minute squared

Question 35

Types of neutral plane

Answer 35

HIGH NEUTRAL PLANE - May indicate that the fire is in the early stages of development remember that high ceilings can hide a fire that has reached a later development stage a higher neutral plane can also indicate a fire above your level

Mid-level neutral planes could indicate that the compartment has not yet ventilated or that flashover is approaching

Very low-level neutral plane May indicate that the fire is reaching Backdraft conditions this occurrence could also mean that a fire is below you basement fire or lower story

Question 36

Backdraft facts

Answer 36

The violence of the Backdraft depends upon the extent to which the fuel-air mixture is confined in the compartment the more confined the more violent the Backdraft will be

Question 37

Needed fire flow

Answer 37

Offencive interior fire attack in a compartment or structure does not more than 50% involve the formulas less accurate and therefore less effective at a at involvement greater than 50% or 1 floors are determined to be greater than 1000 gallons per minute

Length times width divided by 3 times per cent involvement

Question 38

Type 1 buildings

Answer 38

Most common fires in this type of construction are room and contents

Question 39

Type 2 buildings

Answer 39

The most common form of type 2 construction are structures with metal framing members metal cladding in concrete block tilt slab walls with metal deck roofs Unprotected open web joist steel supports

Type 2 construction is normally used when fire risk is expected to be low or when fire suppression and detection systems are designed to meet the hazard load

Question 40

Type 3 Construction

Answer 40

It’s common in older churches schools apartment buildings and Mercantile structures

This construction type requires that exterior walls be constructed of non-combustible materials typically masonary
Issues with this type of building concealed spaces

Question 41

Type 4 construction often referred to as heavy Timber this construction type uses large Dimension Timber greater than 4 in 4 all structural elements

Answer 41

Any other materials used in construction and not composed of wood must have a fire resistance rating of at least one hour

Floors and rooster constructed of wood in Germany have no void or concealed spaces

Question 42

Type 5 construction is commonly known as wood frame Construction

Answer 42

Single-family dwelling or residence is perhaps the most common example of this type of construction

A fire in this structure can quickly become ventilation limited most energy efficient homes are typically associated with class 5 Construction

Question 43

Structural collapse

Answer 43

Traditionally taken the height of the structure and multiplying it by a factor of one and a half has been used to estimate the collapse Zone

Question 44

Collapse hazards

Answer 44

Most collapses usually involve brick or masonry block and maybe structural components or veneer

Collapse potential increases in the growth stage as heat increases in the upper levels of the space and Flame spread stool and consumes the combustible structural members

In a Decay stage in during post depression activity collapse becomes likely due to the weakened state of structural members and the buildup of water

Question 45

Nims operations

Answer 45

Branch organizational level having functional Geographic responsibility for major segments of incident operations

Division organizational level having responsibility for operations within a defined geographic area

Group organizational level equal to division having responsibility for a specified functional assignment at an incident for example ventilation Salvage water supply

Unit organizational level within the sections that fulfill specific support functions such as resources documentation demobilization

Question 46

Reading smoke

Answer 46

Tar and carbon are the most common heated particles found in Smoke giving it the black color water moisture in heated gases give the smoke it’s white color

Question 47

Light colored smoke for slow-moving smoke

Answer 47

Can indicate your smoke has travel distances from the origin a small amount of smoke from a large structure could easily be an indicator of a well seated fire inside

Question 48

White smoke

Test question

Answer 48

Indicates that paralysis chemical change by heat is a recurring in areas adjacent to the main body of Fire
The light white color indicates moisture and gases are being released from the product

Question 49

Brown smoke

Answer 49

Is common in mid-stage heating as moisture mixes with gases in carbons as paralysis increases

Brown smoke is an indication of burning wood weather unfinished found large lint addicts or unless we’re finished as found in structural wood members

Question 50

Gray smoke

Answer 50

Indicates a combination of mixing it can be Mid stage with white brown or black or can be different smoke areas combined it can indicate smoke production changes from Mid-State Heating to high heat

Question 51

Black smoke

Answer 51

Contains high quantities of carbon particles and is also an indicator of the amount of ventilation available at the seat of the fire the thicker the smoke the less clean-burning and less oxygen available as smoldering fire produces massive amounts of black smoke

Thin black smoke is fast-moving and indicates that the fires nearby

Question 52

Neutral plane

Answer 52

A high neutro play May indicate that a fire is in the early stages of development a higher neutral plane can indicate you are further away from the seat of the fire

Question 53

Neutral plane

Answer 53

When the neutral plane is roughly centered between the ceiling and the floor the fires beginning to be ventilation control and Flash over conditions are developing

A neutral playing close to the floor May indicate that the compartment room is reaching flash over conditions were that the fire is at a grade below the room being observed

Question 54

Smoke movement

Answer 54

Floating or hanging lost its heat smoke is the same temperature as the air around it this characteristic is often found in air-conditioned buildings

Lazy smoke indicates a small early stage fire mostly containing moisture from the first stage of paralysis it could also mean a deep-seated fire in a large building where the smoke is cooling off as it travels significant distances

Question 55

Smoke movement facts

Answer 55

When smoke fills the compartment it becomes pressurized

black smoke means that the fire has an open area travel by white indicates a filtered area of travel

Question 56

Laminar smoke

Answer 56

Is heat pushed and not obstructed or ventilation Limited laminar smoke flow exits from openings near the active flaming fire

Question 57

Rescue fact

Answer 57

If it is believed that people are alive and still savable in the structure use offensive strategy to rescue them if it is known that they are viable victims inside the structure then the two in two out rule does not have to be followed

Question 58

Transitional attack

Answer 58

Based on information from n i s t to traditional offensive strategy should now include the option to apply water from the exterior of the structure as Crews Advance into the interior

As Crews deployed in charge hand line while preparing for interior attack water can be directed into the structure for initial not down at the discretion of the unit officer

Question 59

Par

Answer 59

Icees must conduct personal accountability reports to check on the welfare of all firefighters on the scene every 10 to 20 minutes in accordance with the Department’s sop and G any one of the above conditions has occurred

Question 60

Transitional attack

Answer 60

For the transition to be efficient and effective it must occur as soon as the need is recognized the IC must maintain current and accurate knowledge of the situation

Question 61

Primary Search definition

Answer 61

Primary search it’s a wrap it but thorough search does reform either before or during fire suppression operations the search should Advanced towards those occupants would be in the most danger entry should also be made as close to that point as possible this area is typically above the fire in the rooms adjacent to the fire

Question 62

Secondary research

Answer 62

Is conducted after the fires under control in the greatest hazards have been controlled Personnel other than those firefighters who conducted the primary research should conduct the secondary search it’s slower more thorough search that attempts to ensure that no occupants were overlooked

Question 63

General traditional search

Answer 63

Systematic pattern such as left or right-handed search this type of search method is effective when entering a structure from a normal egress such as a door in the structure is compartmentalize into small rooms

These searches require the least amount of training and supervision to be performed*

Question 64

VEIS- vent, enter, isolate, search

Answer 64

Utilize when it is suspected or probable that a victim is present in a specific room or compartment within the structure and there is a direct access point to enter the room typically a window

This procedure should only be initiated following a 360-degree sizeup of structure in the IC should consider risk assessment when making this assignment only areas that appear to be survivable an unlikely a fire extension should use this technique

Question 65

Confinement

Answer 65

Smoke exiting the structure lazily typically indicates the fire is on a floor below

Smoke exiting under pressure with a Define neutral plane is a sign of a fire on the same structural level where the smoke is exit in

Fire exiting in opening most often a window with a Define neutral plane in the case that the opening is supporting a bi-directional flow of products of combustion away from the fire in oxygen toward the fire

Question 66

Direct attack

Answer 66

Direct attack on the fire using a solid or straight stream uses water or foam most efficiently on fuel control fires

Question 67

Indirect attack

Answer 67

An indirect attack on the fire using a straight or solid stream uses water most efficiently on ventilation control Fire’s the primary fuel within these types of fires are the fire gases that the combustion process inside a compartment produces

Question 68

Gas Cooling

Answer 68

Is a way of reducing heat released from the hot gas layer this technique is effective when faced with a shielded fire

Question 69

Transitional attack

Answer 69

The transitional attack is in a offencive tactic used in an offensive strategy that I see or initial company offers employees in which a hoseline is deployed from the exterior of the structure where smoke or Flames are visible to gain control of the fire prior to the deployment of interior hose line

Question 70

Positive pressure attack

Answer 70

Positive pressure fans are most effective on Fire’s confined to a compartment the intent is to use high volume fans to create a slightly higher pressure in a Jason compartments enforce the products of combustion smoke today exterior of the structure through exhaust openings that already exists

Question 71

Positive pressure attack considerations

Answer 71

The two main considerations for PPA fire location and exhaust to intake size ratio ratio is the comparison of the area of all exhaust openings compared with the surface area of all compartment intake openings

PPA is only in an effective tactic if the location of the fire is known in the appropriate exhaust to intake ratio greater than 1 can be achieved

Question 72

AIR monitoring research

Answer 72

International Agency for research identified more than 30 carcinogens in fire smoke

The firefighter cancelled support strongly recommends firefighters used SCBA is from the beginning of the firefighting operations into the end of overhaul

Question 73

Fire officer certified in NFPA 1021

Answer 73

Should be able to determine the cause and origin of most fires

Question 74

Flow path

Answer 74

Is the volume between an inlet and in outlet that allows the movement of heat and smoke from the higher pressure within the fire area towards the lower pressure areas accessible via doors and window openings

Question 75

Location and extent of the fire

Answer 75

The stage of the fire and whether it is fuel or ventilation control or a primary consideration in determining tactical ventilation procedures

Question 76

Weather conditions

Answer 76

The most important weather-related influence on ventilation is when when conditions must always be considered when determining the proper means and location of tactical ventilation in all types of structures

Question 77

Exposures

Answer 77

Firefighters must consider both internal and external exposures ventilation below the highest point of the building creates a danger that Rising Fire gases will ignite portions of the building above the exhaust point heat and fire gases may be drawn into open windows or attic vents above a ventilation opening and they may also ignite the eaves of the building or adjacent structure

Question 78

High-rise fire search and rescue

Answer 78

The Personnel required for search and rescue and firefighting operations in high-rise buildings are often four to six times as great as required for a fire in a typical low rise building

Question 79

Smoke movement

Answer 79

Three common types of movement are 1 floating or hanging 2 volume pushed 3 heat pushed

Test question
Floating or hanging lost its heat smokes the same temperature as the air around it this characteristic is often found in air-conditioned buildings fires that are sprinkler controlled or where smoke particles are filtered and cool by passing through cracks in walls

Question 80

Test question

Occupant survival profile

Answer 80

Is a type of size up that should be employed to evaluate the potential of an occupant being alive within a structure fire environment I see ask:

1 are occupants suspected of or known to be trapped
To is it reasonable to assume that the occupants are still alive

Question 81

Command options

Answer 81

First arriving officer have several options for command
1 investigation option nothing showing
2 fast attack or mobile command option
3 stationary comand incident command post option

If the incident is one in which there the direct involvement of the company officer will impact the outcome a mobile command should be utilized

Question 82

Situations in which mobile command may be used

Answer 82

1 Life Safety situation such as a victim rescue
2 offensive fire attack switch are in the marginal mode
3 any incidents where the safety of firefighter is a major concern
4 incidents that require further investigation by the company
5 crew members need closer supervision due to being new and inexperienced

Question 83

Factors for confinement of Fire

Answer 83

Facts needed
1 type of construction
2 type of fire protection system or lack of system
3 building occupancy type
4 contents within a compartment
5 flammability and combustibility of contents
6 distance between involved in uninvolved content
7 water supply vs demand fire flow
8 number of stories
9 barriers to fire spread
10 heating ventilation and air conditioning systems
11 current location and stage of Fire
12 resources immediately available
13 rescue or exposure tactics implemented
14 additional fuel or ignition sources
15 explosion potential internal and external
16 fire Behavior
17 closing fire doors