STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL ORGNIZATION OF BLOOD Flashcards
DESCRIBE structural and functional organization of the Hematological system.
Describe blood
Blood is a liquid connective tissue that consists of cells surrounded by
extracellular matrix.
DESCRIBE structural and functional organization of the Hematological system.
3 Functions of blood
transportation, regulation, and protection.
DESCRIBE structural and functional organization of the Hematological system.
Expnd on transportation, regulation, and protection
(a) Transportation.
1) Blood transports oxygen from the lungs to cells throughout the body and
carbon dioxide (a waste product of cellular respiration) from the cells to
the lungs.
2) It also carries nutrients from the gastrointestinal tract to body cells, heat
and waste products away from cells, and hormones from endocrine
glands to other body cells.
(b) Regulation.
1) Blood helps regulate the pH of body fluids. The heat-absorbing and
coolant properties of the water in blood plasma and its variable rate of
flow through the skin help adjust body temperature.
2) Blood osmotic pressure also influences the water content of cells.
(c) Protection.
1) Blood clots (becomes gel-like) in response to an injury, which protects
against its excessive loss from the cardiovascular system.
2) In addition, white blood cells protect against disease by
carrying on phagocytosis and producing proteins called
antibodies.
3) Blood contains additional proteins, called interferons and complement,
that also help protect against disease.
Describe the formation of whole blood.
(1) Blood is denser and more viscous (thicker) than water. The temperature of
blood is about 38°C (100.4°F). It’s pH is slightly alkaline, ranging from
7.35 to 7.45. Blood constitutes about 8% of the total body weight.
(2) The blood volume is 5 to 6 liters (1.5 gal) in an average-sized adult male
and 4 to 5 liters (1.2 gal) in an average-sized adult female. The difference in
volume is due to differences in body size.
Describe the formation of whole blood.
Whole blood is composed of two portions:
(a) Blood plasma, a liquid extracellular matrix that contains dissolved substances.
(b) Formed elements, which are cells and cell fragments.
(c) Blood is about 45% formed elements.
1) More than 99% of formed elements are red blood cells, the rest consist
of white blood cells and platelets.
2) Pale, colorless white blood cells (WBCs) and platelets occupy less than
1% of total blood volume.
(d) The remaining 55% of the blood volume is the liquid portion of the blood
known as plasma.
1) The hematocrit is the percentage of total blood volume occupied by red blood cells.
2) HCT is expressed as a percentage. Normal range for males is 42%-
52%. Normal range for females is 37%-47%
Describe the formation of whole blood.
Explain the buffy coat
(e) Buffy coat: made up of the WBCs and platelets which are <1% of
total blood volume.
1) A very thin layer, called the buffy coat lies between the packed RBCs
and blood plasma in centrifuged blood.
2) Figure 14-1 Page 327 shows the composition of blood plasma and the
numbers of various type of formed elements.
Describe the formation of whole blood.
Explain blood plasma
(f) Blood Plasma is about 91.5% water, 7% proteins, and 1.5% solutes
other than proteins.
1) Proteins in the blood, the (plasma proteins), are synthesized mainly by the
liver.
2) The most plentiful plasma proteins are the albumins, which account
for about 54% of all plasma proteins.
Describe the formation of whole blood.
Explain RBCs and Hemoglobin
(a) Red blood cells
1) Red blood cells (RBCs) or erythrocytes (e- RITH-ro-sits; erythro- =
red; -cyte = cell) contain the oxygen-carrying protein hemoglobin.
2) Hemoglobin is a pigment that gives whole blood its red color.
3) Hemoglobin also transports about 23% of the carbon dioxide in the
blood.
4) A healthy adult male has about 5.4 million RBC/µL of blood, and a
healthy adult female has about 4.8 million.
5) Red blood cells live only about 120 days because of wear and tear on
their plasma membranes as they squeeze through blood capillaries.
Describe the formation of whole blood.
Explain WBCs
(b) White blood cells
1) 5000-10,000/uL
2) Most live for a few hours to a few days.
3) Combat pathogens and other foreign substances that enter body.
4) Unlike red blood cells, white blood cells (WBCs) or leukocytes (LOO- kosits; leuko- = white) have nuclei and a full complement of other organelles
but they do not contain hemoglobin.
5) WBCs are classified as either granular or agranular, depending on whether
they contain chemical- filled cytoplasmic granule (vesicles) that are made
visible by staining when viewed through a light microscope (see Figure 14-
2)
Describe the formation of whole blood.
Explain granular leukocytes
1 Neutrophils: 50 – 70% of all WBCs
a. Nucleus has 2-5 lobes. Cytoplasm has very fine lilac granules.
b. Phagocytosis – destroy bacteria with lysozymes, defensins and strong oxidants.
2 Eosinophils: 1 – 5% of all WBCs
a. Nucleus usually has 2 lobes, cytoplasm full of large, red orange granules.
b. Suppresses effects of histamine in allergic reactions, phagocytizes antigen-antibody complexes and destroys certain parasitic worms.
3 Basophils: 0 -1% of all WBCs
a. Nucleus has two lobes, has large cytoplasmic granules that appear deep blue-purple.
b. Releases heparin, histamine and serotonin that intensifies the inflammatory response in allergic reactions.
Describe the formation of whole blood.
Explain agranular leukocytes
1 Lymphocytes (T cells, B cells and Natural Killer cells): 20 – 40% of all WBCs.
a. Nucleus is round or slightly indented. The cytoplasm forms a thin rim around the nucleus that appears sky blue.
b. Mediates immune responses, including antigen antibody reactions. B cells will transform into plasma cells that secrete antibodies. T cells attack invading viruses, cancer cells and transplanted tissue cells. While Natural killer cells attack a wide variety of microbes and certain spontaneously arising tumor cells.
2 Monocytes: 1- 6% of all WBCs.
a. Nucleus is kidney shaped or horseshoe shaped, cytoplasm is blue-gray and has a foamy appearance.
b. Phagocytic (will transform into a fixed histiocyte or a wandering macrophage).
c) Platelets – 150,000 – 450,000/uL
1. Cell fragments that live for 5-9 days, they contain many vesicles but no nucleus.
2. Form platelet plug during hemostasis, release chemicals that promote vascular spasm and blood clotting.
Describe the formation of whole blood.
Define hemopoiesis and where the primary site is
The process by which the formed elements of blood develop
2. red bone marrow
What has capacity to develop into different cell types.
Pluripotent Stem Cells
pluripotent stem cells will further
differentiate into 2 cell lines
Myeloid and Lymphoid
Myeloid cells differentiate into what cells
a) Red cells
b) Platelets
c) Eosinophils
d) Mast cells
e) Basophils
f) Neutrophils
g) Monocytes
