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CLASS 22010 GI > STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM > Flashcards

STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two groups of organs that make up the digestive system?

A
  1. Gastrointestinal Tract/Alimentary canal

2. Accessory Digestive Organs

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2
Q

What is a continuous tube that extends from the mouth to the anus?

A

Gastrointestinal Tract / Alimentary canal

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3
Q

What includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine?

A

Gastrointestinal tract / alimentary canal

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4
Q

What are organs that aid in digestion?

A

Accessory digestive organs

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5
Q

What are the teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas?

A

Accessory digestive organs

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6
Q

How many regions is the abdomen divided into?

A

three regions

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7
Q

What are the three regions of the abdomen?

A
  1. Intrathoracic
  2. True abdomen
  3. Retroperitoneal
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8
Q

What region of the abdomen is enclosed by the lower ribs and immediately distal to the diaphragm?

A

Intrathoracic

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9
Q

Abdominal Regions

These organs are included in what region?

  1. Liver (solid)
  2. Gallbladder (solid but contained)
  3. Spleen (solid)
  4. Stomach (hollow)
  5. Transverse colon (hollow)
A

Intrathoracic

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10
Q

What abdominal region contains the large and small intestines, a portion of the liver, and the bladder?

A

True abdomen

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11
Q

True or False

In females, the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries are considered part of the pelvic portion of the true abdomen

A

True

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12
Q

Abdominal Regions

These organs are included in what region?

  1. Small intestines
  2. Large intestines
  3. Liver, lower portions
  4. Bladder
  5. FEMALES: uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries
A

True abdomen

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13
Q

What abdominal region lies behind the thoracic and true abdominal portions?

A

Retroperitoneal Abdomen

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14
Q

What abdominal region is separated by the retroperitoneal membrane from the other regions?

A

Retroperitoneal Abdomen

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15
Q

Abdominal Regions

These organs are included in what region?

  1. Kidneys
  2. Ureters
  3. Pancreas
  4. Posterior Duodenum
  5. Ascending and Descending Colon
  6. Inferior Vena Cava
A

Retroperitoneal Abdomen

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16
Q

How many basic functions of digestion are there?

A

Six

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17
Q

What basic function of digestion is this?

Taking in food and liquid through the mouth

A

Ingestion

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18
Q

What basic function of digestion is this?

Cells lining the GI tract produces water, acid, buffers and enzymes to aid digestion

A

Secretion

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19
Q

What basic function of digestion is this?

Continuous contraction and relaxation moving food along the GI tract

A

Mixing and Propulsion

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20
Q

What basic function of digestion is this?

Mechanical and chemical process that breaks down the food we ingest

A

Digestion

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21
Q

What basic function of digestion is this?

Small molecules produced in digestion moved into spaces to be used by cells

A

Absorption

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22
Q

What basic function of digestion is this?

Elimination of materials not absorbed by our bodies in digestion

A

Defecation

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23
Q

Throughout the GI tract, from the esophagus to the anus, the linings of the walls are made up of how many distinct layers of tissue?

A

Four

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24
Q

What are the four distinct layers of tissues within the GI tract?

A
  1. Mucosa
  2. Submucosa
  3. Muscularis
  4. Serosa
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25
Q

What layer of GI tract tissue is this?

Innermost lining of the GI tract in direct contact with the substances passing through

A

Mucosa

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26
Q

What layer of GI tract tissue is this?

Made up of areolar connective tissues that bind the mucosa to the muscularis. Contains blood and lymphatic vessels which absorb food molecules as they are broken down.

A

Submucosa

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27
Q

What layer of GI tract tissue is this?

Contains skeletal (voluntary) muscles and smooth (involuntary) muscles

A

Muscularis

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28
Q

What layer of GI tract tissue is this?

Made up of two sub layers

A

Serosa

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29
Q

What two sub layers is the Serosa made up of?

A
  1. Visceral Peritoneum

2. Parietal Peritoneum

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30
Q

What is the outermost layer around the organs of the GI tract?

A

Visceral peritoneum

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31
Q

What lines the walls of the abdominal cavity?

A

Parietal peritoneum

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32
Q

What is known as the “fatty apron” that drapes over the transverse colon and small intestine?

A

G (greater omentum)

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33
Q

What binds the small intestines to the posterior abdominal wall?

A

M (mesentery)

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34
Q

How many pairs of salivary glands are there?

A

Three

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35
Q

What salivary gland is located inferior and anterior to the ears between the skin and the masseter muscle?

A

Parotid

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36
Q

What salivary gland is located medial and partly inferior to the mandible in the floor of the mouth?

A

Submandibular

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37
Q

What salivary gland is beneath the tongue and superior to the submandibular glands?

A

Sublingual

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38
Q

Salivary glands function to produce a watery fluid called what?

A

Saliva

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39
Q

What helps dissolve foods and begins digestion?

A

Saliva

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40
Q

What is made up of 99.5% water and 0.5% solutes ?

A

Saliva

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41
Q

What contains lysozomes that kill bacteria protecting the mouth from infection and tooth decay?

A

Saliva

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42
Q

What begins digestion of starches in the mouth?

A

Salivary Amylase

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43
Q

True or False

Mucous produced by the salivary glands lubricate food to assist with the swallowing of food

A

True

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44
Q

What is an accessory digestive organ, made up of skeletal muscle and forms the floor of the oral cavity?

A

Tongue

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45
Q

What is highly muscular, maneuvers food for chewing, and forces food to the back of the mouth to be swallowed?

A

Tongue

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46
Q

What is the fold of mucus membrane in the midline underneath the tongue that limits the movement of the tongue posteriorly?

A

Frenulum

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47
Q

What are accessory organs of the GI tract, located in the bony sockets of the mandible and maxilla?

A

Teeth

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48
Q

What performs mechanical digestion by chewing and breaking down food into smaller pieces?

A

Teeth

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49
Q

What is a funnel shaped tube, located at the posterior end of the oral cavity, lined with mucus membrane and is comprised of skeletal muscle?

A

Pharynx

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50
Q

How many branches is the pharynx divided into and what are they?

A

Three

  1. Nasopharynx
  2. Oropharynx
  3. Laryngopharynx
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51
Q

What branch of the pharynx is involved in respiration?

A

Nasopharynx

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52
Q

What branch of the pharynx is located at the back of the mouth between the naso and laryngopharynx?

A

Oropharynx

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53
Q

What helps propel food into the esophagus via muscular contractions?

A

Laryngopharynx

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54
Q

What is a muscular tube, lined with stratified squamous epithelium and lies posterior to the trachea?

A

Esophagus

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55
Q

What begins at the end of the pharynx and connects to the superior aspect of the stomach?

A

Esophagus

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56
Q

The muscularis forms what two sphincters composed of smooth muscle at each end of the esophagus?

A
  1. Upper Esophageal Sphincter

2. Lower Esophageal Sphincter

57
Q

What functions to transport food along its path while mixing it with mucous ?

A

Esophagus

58
Q

What are the different phases of swallowing?

A
  1. Voluntary
  2. Pharyngeal
  3. Esophageal
59
Q

What phase of swallowing is this?

Bolus forced into the oropharynx by the movement of the tongue upward and backward against the palate

A

Voluntary

60
Q

What phase of swallowing is this?

Begins when the bolus is in the oropharynx. Breathing is temporarily interrupted. The soft palate and uvula move upward to close off the nasopharynx. The epiglottis seals off the larynx. The upper esophageal sphincter relaxes and the bolus moves into the esophagus.

A

Pharyngeal

61
Q

What phase of swallowing is this?

Begins when the bolus moves into the esophagus. Food is pushed through the esophagus via peristalsis. When the bolus reaches the bottom of the esophagus the lower esophageal sphincter relaxes and the bolus moves into the stomach

A

Esophageal

62
Q

What is a J-shaped organ of the GI tract, serves as a reservoir and mixing chamber for food, and aids in digestion?

A

Stomach

63
Q

What is the pH level of the environment of the stomach?

A

2

64
Q

What organ extends from the end of the esophagus to the tip of the duodenum?

A

The stomach

65
Q

What is the most elastic part of the GI tract?

A

Stomach

66
Q

How many liters of food can the stomach stretch to accommodate?

A

6.4 liters of food

67
Q

How many regions of the stomach are there and what are they?

A
  1. Cardia
  2. Fundus
  3. Body
  4. Pylorus
68
Q

True or False

Gastric gland cells are exocrine cells that secrete 3 types of contents that combine to create gastric juices

A

True

69
Q

What do mucous neck cells secrete?

A

Mucous

70
Q

What do Chief cells secrete?

A

Pepsinogen

71
Q

What cells secretes these?

  1. Hydrochloric Acid (HCL) which helps convert pepsinogen into pepsin (active digestive enzyme)
  2. Intrinsic Factor (IF), necessary for the absorption of Vitamin B12 in the small intestines
A

Parietal Cells

72
Q

What cell secretes Gastrin into the bloodstream in the pyloric antrum of the stomach?

A

G Cell

73
Q

What is the major hormonal regulator of HCL secretions?

A

Gastrin

74
Q

What is a thick liquid with the consistency of pea soup in the stomach that is made up of gastric juices and macerated food particles?

A

Chyme

75
Q

True or False

The pancreas has endocrine and exocrine functions

A

True

76
Q

What are some specialized areas within the pancreas?

A

Islets of Langerhans

77
Q

The Islets of Langerhans are made up of different type of cells that make what?

A

Hormones

78
Q

What are the common most hormones that come from cells in the pancreas?

A

Beta Cells

79
Q

What do Beta Cells produce?

A

Insulin

80
Q

What is a hormone that is produced by the alpha cells, found in the Islets of Langerhans ?

A

Glucagon

81
Q

What is glucagon’s role in the body?

A

to prevent blood glucose levels from dropping to low

82
Q

What is one of the most important accessory organs within the gastrointestinal tract?

A

Pancreas

83
Q

What organ plays a vital role in chemical digestion, is a retroperitoneal organ that lies behind the stomach?

A

Pancreas

84
Q

True or False

Secretions are passed through the pancreatic duct, which joins with the Common Bile duct to form the Hepatopancreatic duct. From the Hepatoprancreatic duct, secretions pass through the Sphincter of Oddi into the duodenum.

A

True

85
Q

What is a clear, colorless liquid made up of three enzymes that consist mostly of water, some salts, and sodium bicarbonate?

A

Pancreatic juice

86
Q

What is the pH of Pancreatic Juice?

A

7.1-8.2

87
Q

What enzymes in pancreatic juice is responsible for protein digestion?

A

Trypsin and chymotrypsin

88
Q

When broken down by Trypsin and Chymotrypsin protein is broken down to what?

A

Amino acids, dipeptides and tripeptides

89
Q

What inside pancreatic juice is responsible for starch (carbohydrate) digesting?

A

Pancreatic Amylase

90
Q

After carbohydrates are broken down by pancreatic amylase what is it absorbed as?

A

Monosaccharides

91
Q

What within pancreatic juice is responsible for triglyceride (fat) digesting?

A

Pancreatic Lipase

92
Q

After triglycerides are broken down by enzymes, what are they absorbed as?

A

Monoglycerides and fatty acids

93
Q

What is nucleic acid digesting?

A

Ribonuclease

94
Q

What is the second largest organ in the body located just below the diaphragm and most is located on the right side of the body?

A

Liver

95
Q

What organ is responsible for these?

  1. Carbohydrate metabolism
  2. Lipid metabolism
  3. Protein Metabolism
  4. Processing drugs and hormones
  5. Excretion of bilirubin
  6. Storage of vitamins and minerals
  7. Activation of vitamin D
A

Liver

96
Q

What is a bile pigment, one end-product of heme catabolism, and is the chemical responsible for the brown color of human feces?

A

Stercobilin

97
Q

What is the major functional cells of the liver that perform metabolic, secretory, and endocrine functions?

A

Hepatocytes

98
Q

What is a pear shaped sac that hangs from the inferior margin of the liver?

A

Gallbladder

99
Q

What stores bile to be released into the small intestine and aids in chemical digestion, especially digestion of fats?

A

Gallbladder

100
Q

Secretions of bile and waste travel through what to the duodenum?

A

the duct system of the liver and gallbladder

101
Q

Bile and waste created in the liver are passed into what?

A

Left and Right Hepatic Duct

102
Q

Bile produced in the gallbladder is secreted through what?

A

Cystic duct

103
Q

The left and right hepatic duct form with the cystic duct to create what?

A

Common Bile Duct

104
Q

The common bile duct forms with the pancreatic duct to form the what?

A

Hepatopancreatic duct

105
Q

What is the muscular valve that controls the passage of contents from the hepatopancreatic duct into the duodenum?

A

Sphincter of Oddi

106
Q

What segment in the GI system comes after the stomach?

A

Small intestine

107
Q

Approximately how long is the small intestine in a living person? What about a cadaver?

A

Living: 3m (10ft)
Cadaver: 6.5m (21ft)

108
Q

Intestinal glands contain how many types of endocrine cells that secrete hormones into the blood stream?

A

3 types

109
Q

What are the 3 types of endocrine cells that intestinal glands contain?

A
  1. S cells
  2. CCK cells
  3. K cells
110
Q

What endocrine cells secrete the hormone Secretin, which stimulates the secretion of pancreatic juice?

A

S cells

111
Q

What endocrine cells secrete Cholecystokinin, which regulates gastric emptying, stimulates bile and pancreatic juice secretion, causes relaxation of the Sphincter of Oddi, and the feeling of satiety (feeling full to satisfaction)?

A

CCK cells

112
Q

What endocrine cells secrete glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP), which stimulates the release of insulin?

A

K cells

113
Q

What are the three different segments of the small intestine?

A
  1. Duodenum
  2. Jejunum
  3. Ileum
114
Q

What segment of the small intestine attaches to the pyloric sphincter of the stomach?

A

Duodenum

115
Q

What is a significant landmark of the duodenum, connects at the duodenal-jejunal flexure and serves to secure those segments to the posterior wall?

A

Ligament of Trietz

116
Q

True or False

The Ligament of Trietz is the line of the demarcation that denotes upper GI bleeds (above the ligament) and lower GI bleeds (below the ligament)

A

True

117
Q

What is the middle section of the small intestine?

A

Jejunum

118
Q

What is the predominant function of the jejunum?

A

Absorption of sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids

119
Q

What segment of the small intestine attaches to the large intestine at the ileocecal sphincter/valve?

A

Ileum

120
Q

True or False

The ileum absorbs remaining nutrients, B12, and bile salts. Bile salts are recycled into the liver and gallbladder for reuse.

A

True

121
Q

Most of the digestion and absorption events occur where?

A

Small intestine

122
Q

Digestion in the small intestines is mechanical via what?

A

Segmentation and peristalsis

123
Q

Digestion in the small intestine is chemical via what?

A

pancreatic enzymes, bile, and intestinal juice

124
Q

Nutrients in the small intestine are broken down into their simplest form which can then be absorbed by the what?

A

Microvilli and villi of the small intestine

125
Q

After being absorbed by the microvilli and villi of the small intestines, the nutrients then diffuse from the villi to the bloodstream, and finally to the what for use by the body?

A

Liver

126
Q

What are the simplest (broken down) forms of food and nutrients that are absorbed?

A
  1. Monosaccharides
  2. Amino acids, dipeptides and tripeptides
  3. Monoglycerides and fatty acids
  4. Ions and water
  5. Vitamins A, D, E, K
127
Q

What is the last part of the GI tract?

A

Large intestine

128
Q

What are the four regions of the large intestine?

A
  1. Cecum
  2. Colon
  3. Rectum
  4. Anal Canal
129
Q

What is the first segment of the large intestine that the appendix attaches to?

A

Cecum

130
Q

What part of the large intestine is broken down into the ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid portions?

A

Colon

131
Q

What connect the sigmoid colon to the anus?

A

Rectum

132
Q

What is the last 2-3cm of the rectum consisting of internal (involuntary) and external (voluntary) sphincters?

A

Anal canal

133
Q

These are all functions of what?

  1. Complete absorption - absorbs water, electrolytes, and vitamins
  2. Absorbs certain vitamins produced by healthy gut bacteria - vitamins B and K. These are needed for normal metabolism
  3. Forms feces (unabsorbed digested material) to be expelled from the body
A

Large intestine

134
Q

How many phases of digestion are there?

A

Three

135
Q

What are the three phases of digestion?

A
  1. Cephalic
  2. Gastric
  3. Intestinal
136
Q

What phase of digestion is this?

The smell, sight, sound or thought of food activates neural centers in the brain stimulating the salivary glands to secrete saliva and the gastric glands to secrete gastric juice.

A

Cephalic

137
Q

What phase of digestion is this?

Starts when food enters the stomach. Gastrin is released promoting the release of gastric juice which increases the mobility of the stomach, relaxes the pyloric sphincter and promotes gastric emptying.

A

Gastric

138
Q

What phase of digestion is this?

Starts when food enters the small intestine. Inhibitory effects slow gastric emptying and excitatory effects stimulate the secretion of pancreatic juices to aid in absorption and digestion.

A

Intestinal

CLASS 22010 GI (4 decks)

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