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Derm > Structural and Function Organization of Tissue > Flashcards

Structural and Function Organization of Tissue Flashcards

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Dermatology Board Prep flashcards
1
Q

What are the four types of human tissue?

A

Muscle
Nervous
Epithelial
Connective

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2
Q

What is the medical term for skin and main portion of the integumentary system?

A

Epithelium

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3
Q

What covers body surfaces; lines body cavities, hollow organs and ducts (tubes) and forms glands?

A

Epithelial tissue

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4
Q

What protects and supports the body, binds organs, stores energy, and provides immunity?

A

Connective tissue

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5
Q

What provides contact or adhesions between neighboring cells? or between a cell and extracellular matrix?

A

Cell Junctions

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6
Q

What controls transport of materials or signals between cells?

A

Cell Junctions

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7
Q

What are the types of cell junctions?

A

Tight
Adherens
Desmosomes
Gap
Hemidesmosomes

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8
Q

What type of cell junction forms a barrier against water and antigens passing between individual epithelial cells?

A

Tight Junctions

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9
Q

What type of cell junctions have cell-cell adhesions continuously assembled and disassembled so cells can respond to changes in their micro environment

A

adherens junctions

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10
Q

What type of cell junctions form stable adhesive junctions between cells?

A

Desmosomes

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11
Q

These type of cell junctions allow various molecules and electrical signals to pass freely between cells?

A

Gap Junctions

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12
Q

These cell junctions facilitate the stable adhesions of basal epithelial cells to the underlying basement membrane?

A

Hemidesmosomes

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13
Q

What are the two broad categorizations of epithelial tissue?

A

Covering and lining epithelium
and glandular epithelium

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14
Q

What is covering and lining epithelium?

A

covering of the skin and outer covering of some internal organs

lines everything

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15
Q

what is glandular epithelium?

A

secreting portion of the glands, such as sweat glands

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16
Q

What is the most superficial layer of cells?

A

Apical layer

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17
Q

what is the deepest layer of cells?

A

basal layer

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18
Q

what is the basement membrane?

A

thin extracellular structure composed mostly of protein fibers

(Located between the epithelium and underlying connective tissue layer)

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19
Q

what is the purpose of the basement membrane?

A

helps to bind and support the epithelium

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20
Q

What are the two ways of classifying epithelial tissue?

A

Morphology-based on shape
Stratification- based on number of layers

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21
Q

What tissue morphology is shaped like pancakes?

A

Squamous

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22
Q

What tissue morphology is shaped like tesseract in Captain America? (or, just a CUBE????)

A

Cuboidal

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23
Q

What tissue morphology is shaped like a column block?

A

Columnar

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24
Q

what tissue changes shape?

A

Transitional epithelium

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25
Q

Where are transitional epithelium useful?

A

organs such as urinary bladder, when it is stretching to a largest and then as it collapses to a smaller size

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26
Q

What are the functions of simple epithelium?

A

a single layer that functions in diffusion, osmosis, filtration, secretion, and absorption

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27
Q

What is a simple epithelium that appears to be stratified and what is it called?

A

pseudostratified epithelium. Appears to be stratified because the cell nuclei lie at different levels and not all cells reach the apical surface.

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28
Q

what is a type of pseudostratified epitheliums that secrets mucus and is an integral part of the mucous membrane?

A

goblet cells

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29
Q

two forms of locomotion provided by cilia

A

movement of cell itself
movement of particles or substances around the cell

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30
Q

uses and function of microvilli?

A

increase surface area, multiplying the area from 2 to 3 dimensions.

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31
Q

What is a highly insoluble fibrous protein with water proofing qualities and high friction resistance

A

Keratin

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32
Q

what do you call epithelial cells infused with keratin in the stratum basal of the epidermis?

A

keratinocytes

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33
Q

Why are keratinocytes no longer living?

A

they exchange their nucleus and organelles to make room for keratin.

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34
Q

where can non keratinized stratified epithelium be found?

A

wet/interior surfaces exposed to considerable wear and tear. (mouth, tongue, pharynx, esophagus, and vagina)

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35
Q

where can keratinized stratified epithelium be found?

A

dry/outer surfaces where resistance to both friction and water is needed.

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36
Q

Three components of connective tissue?

A

resident cells
extracellular matrix (ECM)
Protein Fibers

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37
Q

Types of connective tissue cells

A

fibroblasts
adipocytes
mast cells

38
Q

Which connective tissue cells synthesize and secrete collagen and elastin?

A

fibroblasts

39
Q

which type of connective tissue cells serve to cushion and insulate the skin and other organs?

A

Adipocytes

40
Q

connective tissue cell whose function is important to inflammatory response, innate immunity, and tissue repair?

A

Mast Cells

41
Q

What are the types of Connective Tissue Fibers?

A

Collagen
Elastic
Reticular

42
Q

This type of CT Fiber is the most abundant (25% of all protein body). Very strong.

A

Collagen Fibers

43
Q

this type of CT fiber has rubberlike properties that allow tissue containing these fibers to be stretched or distended and return to their original shape.

A

Elastic Fibers

44
Q

These type of CT Fibers provide strength and support in the walls of small blood vessels/supporting framework?

A

Reticular Fibers.

45
Q

How do epithelial layers secret mucous?

A

via goblet cells

46
Q

various functions of mucous membrane

A

General- prevents cavities from drying out
Resp- traps particles in the respiratory tract
GI- lubricates and absorbs food as it moves through the tract, secretes enzymes
Derm- helps bind the epithelium to underlying tissues

47
Q

what lines a cavity that doesn’t open directly to exterior and convers organs that lie within the cavity?

A

Serous Membranes

48
Q

What types of membranes line joints?

A

synovial membranes

49
Q

What lies inferior/deep to the dermis and is NOT part of the skin?

A

subQ (hypodermis)

50
Q

what layer of skin consists mostly of continually regenerating keratinocytes?

A

epidermis

51
Q

life cycle of a keratinocyte

A

30 days

52
Q

layers of the epidermis

A

Corneum (Come)
Lucidum (Lets)
Granulosum (Get)
Spinosum (Sun)
Basale (Burned)

53
Q

What cells primary function is to synthesize and transfer melanin to adjacent keratinocytes?

A

Melanocytes

54
Q

Which cells release secretions onto an epithelial surface via a duct?

A

Exocrine cells

55
Q

what are the two derm specific exocrine glands?

A

Sebaceous
Sudoriferous

56
Q

what type of exocrine gland is the skin opens into a hair follicle and secrets and oily/waxy sebum?

A

Sebaceous glands.

57
Q

sebaceous glands are found in all areas of the skin except where?

A

palms of the hands and soles of the feet

58
Q

two types of sudoriferous glands?

A

Eccrine glands
Apocrine Glands

59
Q

this type of sudoriferous gland empty directly onto the skin surface, not from the hair follicle

A

eccrine glands

60
Q

this type of sudoriferous gland is largely contained to the axillae, perineum, and the concentrated hairy areas, and serves as a nutrient source for microbes and attains its characteristic odors upon being degraded by bacteria?

A

Apocrine glands

61
Q

what is the portion of the nail that is visible, colored pink because of underlying capillaries?

A

nail body/plate

62
Q

what is the little moon? lunula?

A

visible part of the matrix, whitish crescent at base of nail plate.

63
Q

What is the thickened area of stratum corneum beneath the free edge of the nail that attaches the free edge to the fingertip?

A

nail bed

64
Q

what is the function of nails?

A

protects distal phalanxes and surrounding soft tissue from injuries and enables “extended precision grip”

65
Q

what are the three main pigments that influence skin pigmentation?

A

melanin (epidermis)
Carotene (dermis)
Hemoglobin (red blood cells within capillaries of dermis)

66
Q

What is the primary determinant of skin color, hair color, and eye color?

A

Melanin

67
Q

what are yellow colored, lipid soluble compounds found in red, orange, yellow, and green vegetables and fruit?

A

carotenoids

68
Q

what stimulates melanin production?

A

UV light exposure

69
Q

what serves as an adaptive protective function since it protects the skin against UV radiation damage?

A

increasing melanin amount and darkness

70
Q

what is a genetic condition characterized by little or no melanin pigment in the eyes, skin, or hair?

A

Albinism

71
Q

what is an acquired depigmentation of the skin characterized by loss of melanocytes?

A

Vitiligo

72
Q

what are the functions of skin?

A

temperature regulation
protection
sensation
excretion/absorption/synth

73
Q

What activates vitamin D?

A

exposure of the skin to ultraviolet radiation

74
Q

vitamin D converts to calcitriol which does what?

A

aids in the absorption of calcium and phosphorus

75
Q

what are the 5 signs of inflammation?

A

hyperthermia
erythema
edema
pain
and loss of function

76
Q

what are some extrinsic aging factors?

A

environmental factors
lifestyle
social determinants
elective cosmetic surgeries

77
Q

what is the most important source of preventable aging?

A

ultraviolet radiation exposure

78
Q

what are some changes that happen between the ages of 30 and 80?

A

epidermal turnover decreases
thinning of epidermis
decreased number of melanocytes
weakened cutaneous immunity (less responsiveness of Langerhans cells)

79
Q

Difference between regeneration and replacement?

A

Regeneration- tissue is restored to its pre injury state, happens continuously.
Replacement- non regenerable tissue is replaced, resulting in scarring

80
Q

what is the most rapidly regenerating and repairing tissue?

A

Epithelial tissue

81
Q

what type of tissue is prone to scarring? (hypoproliferation)

A

connective tissue

82
Q

what type of tissue has a poor capacity for renewal?

A

Muscular tissue

83
Q

what tissue has the poorest capacity for renewal because it does not undergo mitosis to replace damaged neurons?

A

Nervous tissue

84
Q

What are the phases to healing?

A

inflammation phase
proliferative phase
early remodeling phase
late remodeling phase

85
Q

inflammation phase is how many days post injury?

A

1-3

86
Q

what is the purpose of the inflammation phase of healing?

A

to clear bacteria and debris from tehw ound and to prepare wound environment for repair

87
Q

Proliferative phase of healing occurs how many days post injury?

A

2-10 days

88
Q

what is the purpose of proliferative phase of healing?

A

purpose is to construct granulation tissue to fill the defect caused by the wound

89
Q

timeframe for the early remodeling phase of healing and its purpose.

A

2-3 weeks post injury. tissue defects have been replaced with granulation tissue and covered by new epithelial cells.

90
Q

timeframe and purpose of late remodeling phase of tissue healing.

A

months to over a year. the tensile strength of the wound increases. collagen fibers makes the scar become less thick and firm.

Derm (7 decks)

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