Structural and Function Organization of Tissue

Question 1

What are the four types of human tissue?

Answer 1

Muscle
Nervous
Epithelial
Connective

Question 2

What is the medical term for skin and main portion of the integumentary system?

Answer 2

Epithelium

Question 3

What covers body surfaces; lines body cavities, hollow organs and ducts (tubes) and forms glands?

Answer 3

Epithelial tissue

Question 4

What protects and supports the body, binds organs, stores energy, and provides immunity?

Answer 4

Connective tissue

Question 5

What provides contact or adhesions between neighboring cells? or between a cell and extracellular matrix?

Answer 5

Cell Junctions

Question 6

What controls transport of materials or signals between cells?

Answer 6

Cell Junctions

Question 7

What are the types of cell junctions?

Answer 7

Tight
Adherens
Desmosomes
Gap
Hemidesmosomes

Question 8

What type of cell junction forms a barrier against water and antigens passing between individual epithelial cells?

Answer 8

Tight Junctions

Question 9

What type of cell junctions have cell-cell adhesions continuously assembled and disassembled so cells can respond to changes in their micro environment

Answer 9

adherens junctions

Question 10

What type of cell junctions form stable adhesive junctions between cells?

Answer 10

Desmosomes

Question 11

These type of cell junctions allow various molecules and electrical signals to pass freely between cells?

Answer 11

Gap Junctions

Question 12

These cell junctions facilitate the stable adhesions of basal epithelial cells to the underlying basement membrane?

Answer 12

Hemidesmosomes

Question 13

What are the two broad categorizations of epithelial tissue?

Answer 13

Covering and lining epithelium
and glandular epithelium

Question 14

What is covering and lining epithelium?

Answer 14

covering of the skin and outer covering of some internal organs

lines everything

Question 15

what is glandular epithelium?

Answer 15

secreting portion of the glands, such as sweat glands

Question 16

What is the most superficial layer of cells?

Answer 16

Apical layer

Question 17

what is the deepest layer of cells?

Answer 17

basal layer

Question 18

what is the basement membrane?

Answer 18

thin extracellular structure composed mostly of protein fibers

(Located between the epithelium and underlying connective tissue layer)

Question 19

what is the purpose of the basement membrane?

Answer 19

helps to bind and support the epithelium

Question 20

What are the two ways of classifying epithelial tissue?

Answer 20

Morphology-based on shape
Stratification- based on number of layers

Question 21

What tissue morphology is shaped like pancakes?

Answer 21

Squamous

Question 22

What tissue morphology is shaped like tesseract in Captain America? (or, just a CUBE????)

Answer 22

Cuboidal

Question 23

What tissue morphology is shaped like a column block?

Answer 23

Columnar

Question 24

what tissue changes shape?

Answer 24

Transitional epithelium

Question 25

Where are transitional epithelium useful?

Answer 25

organs such as urinary bladder, when it is stretching to a largest and then as it collapses to a smaller size

Question 26

What are the functions of simple epithelium?

Answer 26

a single layer that functions in diffusion, osmosis, filtration, secretion, and absorption

Question 27

What is a simple epithelium that appears to be stratified and what is it called?

Answer 27

pseudostratified epithelium. Appears to be stratified because the cell nuclei lie at different levels and not all cells reach the apical surface.

Question 28

what is a type of pseudostratified epitheliums that secrets mucus and is an integral part of the mucous membrane?

Answer 28

goblet cells

Question 29

two forms of locomotion provided by cilia

Answer 29

movement of cell itself movement of particles or substances around the cell

Question 30

uses and function of microvilli?

Answer 30

increase surface area, multiplying the area from 2 to 3 dimensions.

Question 31

What is a highly insoluble fibrous protein with water proofing qualities and high friction resistance

Answer 31

Keratin

Question 32

what do you call epithelial cells infused with keratin in the stratum basal of the epidermis?

Answer 32

keratinocytes

Question 33

Why are keratinocytes no longer living?

Answer 33

they exchange their nucleus and organelles to make room for keratin.

Question 34

where can non keratinized stratified epithelium be found?

Answer 34

wet/interior surfaces exposed to considerable wear and tear. (mouth, tongue, pharynx, esophagus, and vagina)

Question 35

where can keratinized stratified epithelium be found?

Answer 35

dry/outer surfaces where resistance to both friction and water is needed.

Question 36

Three components of connective tissue?

Answer 36

resident cells extracellular matrix (ECM) Protein Fibers

Question 37

Types of connective tissue cells

Answer 37

fibroblasts adipocytes mast cells

Question 38

Which connective tissue cells synthesize and secrete collagen and elastin?

Answer 38

fibroblasts

Question 39

which type of connective tissue cells serve to cushion and insulate the skin and other organs?

Answer 39

Adipocytes

Question 40

connective tissue cell whose function is important to inflammatory response, innate immunity, and tissue repair?

Answer 40

Mast Cells

Question 41

What are the types of Connective Tissue Fibers?

Answer 41

Collagen Elastic Reticular

Question 42

This type of CT Fiber is the most abundant (25% of all protein body). Very strong.

Answer 42

Collagen Fibers

Question 43

this type of CT fiber has rubberlike properties that allow tissue containing these fibers to be stretched or distended and return to their original shape.

Answer 43

Elastic Fibers

Question 44

These type of CT Fibers provide strength and support in the walls of small blood vessels/supporting framework?

Answer 44

Reticular Fibers.

Question 45

How do epithelial layers secret mucous?

Answer 45

via goblet cells

Question 46

various functions of mucous membrane

Answer 46

General- prevents cavities from drying out Resp- traps particles in the respiratory tract GI- lubricates and absorbs food as it moves through the tract, secretes enzymes Derm- helps bind the epithelium to underlying tissues

Question 47

what lines a cavity that doesn't open directly to exterior and convers organs that lie within the cavity?

Answer 47

Serous Membranes

Question 48

What types of membranes line joints?

Answer 48

synovial membranes

Question 49

What lies inferior/deep to the dermis and is NOT part of the skin?

Answer 49

subQ (hypodermis)

Question 50

what layer of skin consists mostly of continually regenerating keratinocytes?

Answer 50

epidermis

Question 51

life cycle of a keratinocyte

Answer 51

30 days

Question 52

layers of the epidermis

Answer 52

Corneum (Come) Lucidum (Lets) Granulosum (Get) Spinosum (Sun) Basale (Burned)

Question 53

What cells primary function is to synthesize and transfer melanin to adjacent keratinocytes?

Answer 53

Melanocytes

Question 54

Which cells release secretions onto an epithelial surface via a duct?

Answer 54

Exocrine cells

Question 55

what are the two derm specific exocrine glands?

Answer 55

Sebaceous Sudoriferous

Question 56

what type of exocrine gland is the skin opens into a hair follicle and secrets and oily/waxy sebum?

Answer 56

Sebaceous glands.

Question 57

sebaceous glands are found in all areas of the skin except where?

Answer 57

palms of the hands and soles of the feet

Question 58

two types of sudoriferous glands?

Answer 58

Eccrine glands Apocrine Glands

Question 59

this type of sudoriferous gland empty directly onto the skin surface, not from the hair follicle

Answer 59

eccrine glands

Question 60

this type of sudoriferous gland is largely contained to the axillae, perineum, and the concentrated hairy areas, and serves as a nutrient source for microbes and attains its characteristic odors upon being degraded by bacteria?

Answer 60

Apocrine glands

Question 61

what is the portion of the nail that is visible, colored pink because of underlying capillaries?

Answer 61

nail body/plate

Question 62

what is the little moon? lunula?

Answer 62

visible part of the matrix, whitish crescent at base of nail plate.

Question 63

What is the thickened area of stratum corneum beneath the free edge of the nail that attaches the free edge to the fingertip?

Answer 63

nail bed

Question 64

what is the function of nails?

Answer 64

protects distal phalanxes and surrounding soft tissue from injuries and enables "extended precision grip"

Question 65

what are the three main pigments that influence skin pigmentation?

Answer 65

melanin (epidermis) Carotene (dermis) Hemoglobin (red blood cells within capillaries of dermis)

Question 66

What is the primary determinant of skin color, hair color, and eye color?

Answer 66

Melanin

Question 67

what are yellow colored, lipid soluble compounds found in red, orange, yellow, and green vegetables and fruit?

Answer 67

carotenoids

Question 68

what stimulates melanin production?

Answer 68

UV light exposure

Question 69

what serves as an adaptive protective function since it protects the skin against UV radiation damage?

Answer 69

increasing melanin amount and darkness

Question 70

what is a genetic condition characterized by little or no melanin pigment in the eyes, skin, or hair?

Answer 70

Albinism

Question 71

what is an acquired depigmentation of the skin characterized by loss of melanocytes?

Answer 71

Vitiligo

Question 72

what are the functions of skin?

Answer 72

temperature regulation protection sensation excretion/absorption/synth

Question 73

What activates vitamin D?

Answer 73

exposure of the skin to ultraviolet radiation

Question 74

vitamin D converts to calcitriol which does what?

Answer 74

aids in the absorption of calcium and phosphorus

Question 75

what are the 5 signs of inflammation?

Answer 75

hyperthermia erythema edema pain and loss of function

Question 76

what are some extrinsic aging factors?

Answer 76

environmental factors lifestyle social determinants elective cosmetic surgeries

Question 77

what is the most important source of preventable aging?

Answer 77

ultraviolet radiation exposure

Question 78

what are some changes that happen between the ages of 30 and 80?

Answer 78

epidermal turnover decreases thinning of epidermis decreased number of melanocytes weakened cutaneous immunity (less responsiveness of Langerhans cells)

Question 79

Difference between regeneration and replacement?

Answer 79

Regeneration- tissue is restored to its pre injury state, happens continuously. Replacement- non regenerable tissue is replaced, resulting in scarring

Question 80

what is the most rapidly regenerating and repairing tissue?

Answer 80

Epithelial tissue

Question 81

what type of tissue is prone to scarring? (hypoproliferation)

Answer 81

connective tissue

Question 82

what type of tissue has a poor capacity for renewal?

Answer 82

Muscular tissue

Question 83

what tissue has the poorest capacity for renewal because it does not undergo mitosis to replace damaged neurons?

Answer 83

Nervous tissue

Question 84

What are the phases to healing?

Answer 84

inflammation phase proliferative phase early remodeling phase late remodeling phase

Question 85

inflammation phase is how many days post injury?

Answer 85

1-3

Question 86

what is the purpose of the inflammation phase of healing?

Answer 86

to clear bacteria and debris from tehw ound and to prepare wound environment for repair

Question 87

Proliferative phase of healing occurs how many days post injury?

Answer 87

2-10 days

Question 88

what is the purpose of proliferative phase of healing?

Answer 88

purpose is to construct granulation tissue to fill the defect caused by the wound

Question 89

timeframe for the early remodeling phase of healing and its purpose.

Answer 89

2-3 weeks post injury. tissue defects have been replaced with granulation tissue and covered by new epithelial cells.

Question 90

timeframe and purpose of late remodeling phase of tissue healing.

Answer 90

months to over a year. the tensile strength of the wound increases. collagen fibers makes the scar become less thick and firm.