STRONGYLIDS LECTURE 4 & 5 Flashcards
Name the 4 major super families of the strongylids
1) Trichostrongyloideas
2) Strongyloidea
3) Ancylostomatoidea
4) Metastrongyloidea
What’s the most important superfamily for ruminants?
Trichostrongyloidea
What kind of mouths do Trichostrongyloidea have?
simple mouths – no teeth since they do only feed on liquids
How do Trichostrongyloidea feed?
Feed on liquid and mucus. Minority are blood suckers
Trichostrongyloidea always have an __ infective stage
L3
Trichostrongyloidea have a ___ life cycle
direct
Trichostrongyloidea PPP is how many weeks?
2-4 (from infection to the complete end of lifecycle)
Where do Trichostrongyloidea reside in the ruminant?
Stomach or small intestine
Do Trichostrongyloidea generally migrate?
no, not generally
The Trichostrongyloidea burrow into the ____ as ___ and emerge as ____ or immature adults
in the mucosa as L3 and emerge as L4
3 parasites of the abomasum of ruminants; what are they?
1) Haemonchus
2) Teladorsagia (sheep) /Ostertagia (cattle)
3) Trichostrongylus
Where does Ostertagia ostertagi reside?
abomasum of cattle ** VERY COMMON & IMPORTANT NEMATODE
Ostertagia ostertagi are considered what kind of feeders?
they have simple mouths and are mucus browsers
Where do Ostertagia ostertagi reside in abomasum?
Tucked away in the mucus layer in the lining of the stomach
Where do Teladorsagia circumcincta reside?
abomasum of sheep and goats
Life cycle of the Ostertagia / Teladorsagia:
(L3) ingested → exsheath in rumen → move to abomasum → penetrate in mucosal glands → moult to L4 → moult to adult → emerge from gland and lie in mucus layer on the surface
Ostertagia / Teladorsagia PPP?
~18 days
Whats the inhibition of development of Ostertagia / Teladorsagia?
1) incoming L3 pushing into tissue and glands
2) developing L3
3) developing L4
4) can be inhibited as L4 (early L4) so they can stop and sit there waiting for a later time so it can be longer than 18 day PPP
5) can continue again as developing L4
6) become an adult
Why does Ostertagia / Teladorsagia inhibit their development?
L3 sense the season is changing and knows the eggs wont have a chance because it’s too cold out so enters a period of inhibition
How does Haemonchus feed?
blood sucking
What does their feeding habits lead to?
Severe anemia
True or False: Haemonchus is highly pathogenic
TRUE
What kind of climate does Haemonchus like?
warmer climates
True or false: Haemonchus is very prolific?
True lays around ~10,000 eggs per day
Where is Nematodirus found?
Small intestine of ruminants
Common name of Nematodirus?
thread worm
Life cycle of Nematodirus
(L3) develops inside egg and egg then hatches
– very large yolk-filled eggs required to provide nutrients for developing larva (greater input by female)
Very slow development
Whats so different about the eggs of the Nematodirus?
They are very large yolk-filled eggs required to provide nutrients for developing larva (greater input by female)
True or False: Nematodirus eggs won’t hatch until they have experienced a winter
TRUE
-sometimes they will wait to hatch until the following spring if they don’t experience a cold winter
Nematodirus eggs are ___ especially to ___ conditions
Nematodirus eggs are resistant especially to cold conditions
Nematodirus development is relatively ___?
slow – some take weeks, some takes months
Superfamily strongyloidea are ___ strongylids usually ____ to the naked eye
stout strongylids that are usually visible to the naked eye
tend to be fatter worms
strongyloidea ___ infect with ____
strongyloidea orally infect with L3
strongyloidea are direct or indirect lifecycles?
direct
where are strongyloidea found in the body?
lower GIT specifically large intestine
What superfamily of strongylids are called plug feeders?
strongyloidea
Superfamily strongyloidea has ____ buccal capsules
LARGE
Where do strongyloidea encyst themselves?
in the mucosa or submucosa
true or false: some strongyloidea migrate beyond the gut in the direct host as larvae
TRUE
How do strongyloidea eat?
The tissue is pulled off the host and broken down into a liquid into the buccal capsule to eat
What are the two equine large intestinal parasites?
1) Strongylinae (large strongyles)
2) Cyathostominae (small strongyles)
Cyathostominae are migratory or non-migratory?
Non-migratory (always stay in the gut)
True or false: Strongylinae are migratory and non-migratory?
TRUE
Where are Cyathostominae found?
anterior colon (large)
What kind of buccal capsule do Cyathostominaes have?
straight-sided, shallow cylindrical or rectangular buccal capsule
Are leaf crowns present in Cyathostominaes?
Yes
Cyathostominaes usually have ___ teeth?
NO TEETH
The ____ of males are elongated _____?
The bursa of male elongated dorsally
Cyathostominae develop within the ___?
gut
How do Cyathostominae produce a reaction within a host?
Penetrate glands and sub-mucosa provoking a nodular reaction
True or false: Larvae (L3) can become inhibited for long periods?
TRUE
Cyathostominae pre-patent period?
6-12 weeks
Describe the lifecycle of Cyathostominaes:
step 1) Incoming L3 can go in 2 directions; developing L3 or inhibited L3
step 2) once developing into L3 –> developing L4
step 3) developing L4–> late L4
step 4) L4 –> adult
In Cyathostominae, where are the 3 places in the lifecycle where larvae are encysted?
3 places in the lifecycle where they are encysted:
- inhibited L3
- developing L3
- developing L4
Name the 3 migratory Strongylinae:
Strongylus vulgaris
Strongylus edentatus
Strongylus equinus
What are Strongylus vulgaris usually referred as?
blood worms
Where are Strongylus vulgaris found?
adults found in the cecum
L4 accumulate in cranial mesenteric artery
Strongylus vulgaris used to be considered the major cause of ___ in horses
colic
are Strongylus vulgaris common or uncommon?
now uncommon and numbers to be found in individual animals assumed to be much reduced, therefore considered less important in the aetiology of colic
BUT SERIOUS DISEASE STILL OCCURS
what horses are Strongylus vulgaris found in?
present in the Kaimanawa horses because they aren’t treated but if a horse is treated every 6-8 weeks they won’t have as many present in their body so not as much of a problem
Where are Strongylus vulgaris found?
Exsheathes in small intestine
In Strongylus vulgaris, what happens at L3?
burrows inside intestinal walls and penetrates arterioles
In Strongylus vulgaris, where do L4 accumulate and after how long?
cranial mesenteric artery after 10-14 days
In Strongylus vulgaris, migration results in ____ formation
thrombus
How long are Strongylus vulgaris in the cranial mesenteric artery for?
3-4 months
Once Strongylus vulgaris are in the cranial mesenteric artery, they ____ to _____ adult and return to ______
Once they are in the cranial mesenteric artery, they moult to immature adults and return to the cecum and ventral colon
so they migrate up the artery and develop in the artery and return to the gut
Whats the PPP for Strongylus vulgaris?
at least 6 months
What can happen in the body over time with Strongylus vulgaris larvae?
Ischaemic large bowel can happen since the tissue can start to die since arterial blood isn’t getting there when larvae are in the blood stream so they cause an interference of blood flow
blood supply to the gut is being cut off so it’s starting to die
What is the Superfamily Ancylostomatoidea usually referred as?
HOOKWORMS
Why are Superfamily Ancylostomatoidea referred as hookworms?
They are hooked at their anterior end and head is bent back dorsally even at rest
Where are Superfamily Ancylostomatoidea found?
Small intestine
Superfamily Ancylostomatoidea have a ____ buccal capsule but with ____ plates
they have a large buccal capsule but with cutting plates
How do Superfamily Ancylostomatoidea feed?
they are specialized blood feeders/suckers so they cut the tissue to make it bleed and suck it
Ancylostomatoidea (hookworms) are migratory or non-migratory?
migratory AND non-migratory
What kind of infection do Ancylostomatoidea cause?
percutaneous infection
Places the migratory Ancylostomatoidea go:
- percutaneous infection
- oral
- transmammary
- transplacental
Sometimes, Ancylostomatoidea don’t wait to be ingested, they ___________ and wander through and find the _____.
they don’t wait to be ingested they push through your skin and wander through until they find the gut
How do Ancylostomatoidea get in when they are non-miragtory?
oral infection
Ancylostomatoidea non-migratory are developed entirely ____?
within the gut
Ancylostoma caninum is a highly ____ hookworm of ____.
highly pathogenic hookworm of dogs
TRUE OR FALSE: is Ancylostoma caninum rare in NZ?
true
How many teeth do Ancylostoma caninum have?
buccal capsule has 3 teeth
What problem does Ancylostoma caninum cause?
Anemia
What kind of feeders are Ancylostoma caninum?
Voracious meaning they eat a lot
Ancylostoma caninum is a ____ egg layer.
prolific
Ancylostoma caninum inject ______ to keep the spot they are eating ______
they inject coagulants to keep the spot bleeding
Where do Ancylostoma caninum live?
small intestine
What kind of lifecycle do Ancylostoma caninum have?
DIRECT
Explain the lifecycle of Ancylostoma caninum:
L3 exsheath on skin → migrate in blood to lungs → pharynx → pass down to S.I.
What can happen if Ancylostoma caninum are transmammary
some L3 migrate to tissues, pass on to mammary gland at whelping - transmammary infection of pups
What can happen if Ancylostoma caninum are transplacental
some L3 cross placenta causing a transplacental infection
What is the PPP of Ancylostoma caninum?
min PPP 2 weeks
L3 to adult and producing eggs in as little as 2 weeks
True or false: Ancylostoma caninum oral infection is of major importance?
FALSE – minor importance since they still migrate
is Uncinaria stenocephala common or uncommon hookworm?
common
Where are Uncinaria stenocephala found?
dogs
Uncinaria stenocephala has ____ cutting plates
smooth so no obvious pointing structures when looking under microscope
Lifecycle of Uncinaria stenocephala – direct or indirect?
direct
What route is preferred in Uncinaria stenocephala?
Oral route preferred
In Uncinaria stenocephala, if oral route is followed there is no ____?
migration – so if they are ingested they won’t leave the gut during development
In Uncinaria stenocephala percutaneous infection can occur but much less successful as most ___ die ____?
larvae die on the skin
TRUE OR FALSE: There is transmammary or transplacental infection in Uncinaria stenocephala?
FALSE
What is Uncinaria stenocephala referred as?
Hookworm dermatitis
Superfamily: Metastrongyloidea are called?
THE TRUE LUNGWORMS
Metastrongyloidea are considered ____ parasites
pulmonary since they are mostly found in the airways or pulmonary tissues
What kind of lifecycle does Metastrongyloidea have?
INDIRECT AND DIRECT
Describe the lifecycle of Metastrongyloidea:
L1 in egg when laid - hatch quickly – L1 in faeces
[L3] infective but usually in I.H. or Paratenic Host
What indirect host do Metastrongyloidea use?
gastropod molluscs
Aelurostrongylus abstrusus is apart of what superfamily?
Metastrongyloidea
Aelurostrongylus abstrusus common in ___ cats
FERAL cats
How is the cat infected affected by Aelurostrongylus abstrusus:
Relies on cat eating a bird which is the paratenic host which has eaten the mollusk which is the indirect host so slug/snails spread the infection
**cat can eat mollusk or bird that has previously eaten the mollusk
TRUE OR FALSE: does L1 have a spine in Aelurostrongylus abstrusus?
TRUE it does have a spine
What symptoms does the cat have if it has Aelurostrongylus abstrusus?
chronic coughing since its in the bronchioles and lung parenchyma
Explain the lifecycle in Aelurostrongylus abstrusus:
bird: female lays eggs containing L1 → hatch in lungs → up to pharynx → swallowed → faeces
L1 in faeces → ((L3)) in mollusc intermediate host (e.g. slug or snail)
cat: ((L3)) ingested → exsheath → lymphatic-pulmonary migration (lymphatic vessels → thoracic duct → heart → lungs)
What superfamily is Dictyocaulus vivparus apart of?
Metastrongyloidea
Dictyocaulus vivparus is considered the ____ lungworm
cattle lungworm
What was Dictyocaulus vivparus traditionally considered AND what superfamily is it in now?
trichostrongyloid then
metastrongyloidea now
What kind of lifestyle does Dictyocaulus vivparus have?
Direct lifecycle – infection transmitted cow to cow as their is no intermediate host
Lifecycle of Dictyocaulus vivparus
DIRECT LIFECYCLE
female lays eggs containing L1 → hatch in lungs → up to pharynx → swallowed → faeces
((L3)) ingested → exsheath → lymphatic-pulmonary migration (lymphatic vessels → thoracic duct → heart → lungs)
– L1 and L2 in faeces → ((L3)) on pasture
Dictyocaulus vivparus is _____ ensheathed at ___?
double ensheathed at L3
Dictyocaulus vivparus is _____ at L3 and ____ long lived
is very sluggish at L3 and not very long lived
Ollulanus tricuspis is a ____ in the feline ____ with how many cusps?
A tiny trichostrongyloid worm of the feline stomach with 3 cusps
Filaroides osleri is a canine ______
tracheal nodular worm
Filaroides osleri is considered a ___?
metastrongyloid
Filaroides osleri and Ollulanus tricuspis both have ____ lifecycles
direct
How are infections transmitted in Filaroides osleri and Ollulanus tricuspis?
infections transmitted cat to cat and dog to dog, via vomited material or saliva (e.g. mum ‘regurgitates’ food or licks face of young)
