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PARASITOLOGY > STRONGYLIDS LECTURE 4 & 5 > Flashcards

STRONGYLIDS LECTURE 4 & 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 4 major super families of the strongylids

A

1) Trichostrongyloideas
2) Strongyloidea
3) Ancylostomatoidea
4) Metastrongyloidea

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2
Q

What’s the most important superfamily for ruminants?

A

Trichostrongyloidea

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3
Q

What kind of mouths do Trichostrongyloidea have?

A

simple mouths – no teeth since they do only feed on liquids

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4
Q

How do Trichostrongyloidea feed?

A

Feed on liquid and mucus. Minority are blood suckers

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5
Q

Trichostrongyloidea always have an __ infective stage

A

L3

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6
Q

Trichostrongyloidea have a ___ life cycle

A

direct

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7
Q

Trichostrongyloidea PPP is how many weeks?

A

2-4 (from infection to the complete end of lifecycle)

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8
Q

Where do Trichostrongyloidea reside in the ruminant?

A

Stomach or small intestine

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9
Q

Do Trichostrongyloidea generally migrate?

A

no, not generally

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10
Q

The Trichostrongyloidea burrow into the ____ as ___ and emerge as ____ or immature adults

A

in the mucosa as L3 and emerge as L4

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11
Q

3 parasites of the abomasum of ruminants; what are they?

A

1) Haemonchus
2) Teladorsagia (sheep) /Ostertagia (cattle)
3) Trichostrongylus

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12
Q

Where does Ostertagia ostertagi reside?

A

abomasum of cattle ** VERY COMMON & IMPORTANT NEMATODE

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13
Q

Ostertagia ostertagi are considered what kind of feeders?

A

they have simple mouths and are mucus browsers

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14
Q

Where do Ostertagia ostertagi reside in abomasum?

A

Tucked away in the mucus layer in the lining of the stomach

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15
Q

Where do Teladorsagia circumcincta reside?

A

abomasum of sheep and goats

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16
Q

Life cycle of the Ostertagia / Teladorsagia:

A

(L3) ingested → exsheath in rumen → move to abomasum → penetrate in mucosal glands → moult to L4 → moult to adult → emerge from gland and lie in mucus layer on the surface

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17
Q

Ostertagia / Teladorsagia PPP?

A

~18 days

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18
Q

Whats the inhibition of development of Ostertagia / Teladorsagia?

A

1) incoming L3 pushing into tissue and glands
2) developing L3
3) developing L4
4) can be inhibited as L4 (early L4) so they can stop and sit there waiting for a later time so it can be longer than 18 day PPP
5) can continue again as developing L4
6) become an adult

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19
Q

Why does Ostertagia / Teladorsagia inhibit their development?

A

L3 sense the season is changing and knows the eggs wont have a chance because it’s too cold out so enters a period of inhibition

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20
Q

How does Haemonchus feed?

A

blood sucking

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21
Q

What does their feeding habits lead to?

A

Severe anemia

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22
Q

True or False: Haemonchus is highly pathogenic

A

TRUE

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23
Q

What kind of climate does Haemonchus like?

A

warmer climates

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24
Q

True or false: Haemonchus is very prolific?

A

True lays around ~10,000 eggs per day

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25
Q

Where is Nematodirus found?

A

Small intestine of ruminants

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26
Q

Common name of Nematodirus?

A

thread worm

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27
Q

Life cycle of Nematodirus

A

(L3) develops inside egg and egg then hatches
– very large yolk-filled eggs required to provide nutrients for developing larva (greater input by female)
Very slow development

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28
Q

Whats so different about the eggs of the Nematodirus?

A

They are very large yolk-filled eggs required to provide nutrients for developing larva (greater input by female)

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29
Q

True or False: Nematodirus eggs won’t hatch until they have experienced a winter

A

TRUE

-sometimes they will wait to hatch until the following spring if they don’t experience a cold winter

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30
Q

Nematodirus eggs are ___ especially to ___ conditions

A

Nematodirus eggs are resistant especially to cold conditions

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31
Q

Nematodirus development is relatively ___?

A

slow – some take weeks, some takes months

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32
Q

Superfamily strongyloidea are ___ strongylids usually ____ to the naked eye

A

stout strongylids that are usually visible to the naked eye

tend to be fatter worms

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33
Q

strongyloidea ___ infect with ____

A

strongyloidea orally infect with L3

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34
Q

strongyloidea are direct or indirect lifecycles?

A

direct

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35
Q

where are strongyloidea found in the body?

A

lower GIT specifically large intestine

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36
Q

What superfamily of strongylids are called plug feeders?

A

strongyloidea

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37
Q

Superfamily strongyloidea has ____ buccal capsules

A

LARGE

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38
Q

Where do strongyloidea encyst themselves?

A

in the mucosa or submucosa

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39
Q

true or false: some strongyloidea migrate beyond the gut in the direct host as larvae

A

TRUE

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40
Q

How do strongyloidea eat?

A

The tissue is pulled off the host and broken down into a liquid into the buccal capsule to eat

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41
Q

What are the two equine large intestinal parasites?

A

1) Strongylinae (large strongyles)

2) Cyathostominae (small strongyles)

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42
Q

Cyathostominae are migratory or non-migratory?

A

Non-migratory (always stay in the gut)

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43
Q

True or false: Strongylinae are migratory and non-migratory?

A

TRUE

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44
Q

Where are Cyathostominae found?

A

anterior colon (large)

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45
Q

What kind of buccal capsule do Cyathostominaes have?

A

straight-sided, shallow cylindrical or rectangular buccal capsule

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46
Q

Are leaf crowns present in Cyathostominaes?

A

Yes

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47
Q

Cyathostominaes usually have ___ teeth?

A

NO TEETH

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48
Q

The ____ of males are elongated _____?

A

The bursa of male elongated dorsally

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49
Q

Cyathostominae develop within the ___?

A

gut

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50
Q

How do Cyathostominae produce a reaction within a host?

A

Penetrate glands and sub-mucosa provoking a nodular reaction

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51
Q

True or false: Larvae (L3) can become inhibited for long periods?

A

TRUE

52
Q

Cyathostominae pre-patent period?

A

6-12 weeks

53
Q

Describe the lifecycle of Cyathostominaes:

A

step 1) Incoming L3 can go in 2 directions; developing L3 or inhibited L3

step 2) once developing into L3 –> developing L4

step 3) developing L4–> late L4

step 4) L4 –> adult

54
Q

In Cyathostominae, where are the 3 places in the lifecycle where larvae are encysted?

A

3 places in the lifecycle where they are encysted:

  • inhibited L3
  • developing L3
  • developing L4
55
Q

Name the 3 migratory Strongylinae:

A

Strongylus vulgaris
Strongylus edentatus
Strongylus equinus

56
Q

What are Strongylus vulgaris usually referred as?

A

blood worms

57
Q

Where are Strongylus vulgaris found?

A

adults found in the cecum

L4 accumulate in cranial mesenteric artery

58
Q

Strongylus vulgaris used to be considered the major cause of ___ in horses

A

colic

59
Q

are Strongylus vulgaris common or uncommon?

A

now uncommon and numbers to be found in individual animals assumed to be much reduced, therefore considered less important in the aetiology of colic

BUT SERIOUS DISEASE STILL OCCURS

60
Q

what horses are Strongylus vulgaris found in?

A

present in the Kaimanawa horses because they aren’t treated but if a horse is treated every 6-8 weeks they won’t have as many present in their body so not as much of a problem

61
Q

Where are Strongylus vulgaris found?

A

Exsheathes in small intestine

62
Q

In Strongylus vulgaris, what happens at L3?

A

burrows inside intestinal walls and penetrates arterioles

63
Q

In Strongylus vulgaris, where do L4 accumulate and after how long?

A

cranial mesenteric artery after 10-14 days

64
Q

In Strongylus vulgaris, migration results in ____ formation

A

thrombus

65
Q

How long are Strongylus vulgaris in the cranial mesenteric artery for?

A

3-4 months

66
Q

Once Strongylus vulgaris are in the cranial mesenteric artery, they ____ to _____ adult and return to ______

A

Once they are in the cranial mesenteric artery, they moult to immature adults and return to the cecum and ventral colon

so they migrate up the artery and develop in the artery and return to the gut

67
Q

Whats the PPP for Strongylus vulgaris?

A

at least 6 months

68
Q

What can happen in the body over time with Strongylus vulgaris larvae?

A

Ischaemic large bowel can happen since the tissue can start to die since arterial blood isn’t getting there when larvae are in the blood stream so they cause an interference of blood flow

blood supply to the gut is being cut off so it’s starting to die

69
Q

What is the Superfamily Ancylostomatoidea usually referred as?

A

HOOKWORMS

70
Q

Why are Superfamily Ancylostomatoidea referred as hookworms?

A

They are hooked at their anterior end and head is bent back dorsally even at rest

71
Q

Where are Superfamily Ancylostomatoidea found?

A

Small intestine

72
Q

Superfamily Ancylostomatoidea have a ____ buccal capsule but with ____ plates

A

they have a large buccal capsule but with cutting plates

73
Q

How do Superfamily Ancylostomatoidea feed?

A

they are specialized blood feeders/suckers so they cut the tissue to make it bleed and suck it

74
Q

Ancylostomatoidea (hookworms) are migratory or non-migratory?

A

migratory AND non-migratory

75
Q

What kind of infection do Ancylostomatoidea cause?

A

percutaneous infection

76
Q

Places the migratory Ancylostomatoidea go:

A
  • percutaneous infection
  • oral
  • transmammary
  • transplacental
77
Q

Sometimes, Ancylostomatoidea don’t wait to be ingested, they ___________ and wander through and find the _____.

A

they don’t wait to be ingested they push through your skin and wander through until they find the gut

78
Q

How do Ancylostomatoidea get in when they are non-miragtory?

A

oral infection

79
Q

Ancylostomatoidea non-migratory are developed entirely ____?

A

within the gut

80
Q

Ancylostoma caninum is a highly ____ hookworm of ____.

A

highly pathogenic hookworm of dogs

81
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: is Ancylostoma caninum rare in NZ?

A

true

82
Q

How many teeth do Ancylostoma caninum have?

A

buccal capsule has 3 teeth

83
Q

What problem does Ancylostoma caninum cause?

A

Anemia

84
Q

What kind of feeders are Ancylostoma caninum?

A

Voracious meaning they eat a lot

85
Q

Ancylostoma caninum is a ____ egg layer.

A

prolific

86
Q

Ancylostoma caninum inject ______ to keep the spot they are eating ______

A

they inject coagulants to keep the spot bleeding

87
Q

Where do Ancylostoma caninum live?

A

small intestine

88
Q

What kind of lifecycle do Ancylostoma caninum have?

A

DIRECT

89
Q

Explain the lifecycle of Ancylostoma caninum:

A

L3 exsheath on skin → migrate in blood to lungs → pharynx → pass down to S.I.

90
Q

What can happen if Ancylostoma caninum are transmammary

A

some L3 migrate to tissues, pass on to mammary gland at whelping - transmammary infection of pups

91
Q

What can happen if Ancylostoma caninum are transplacental

A

some L3 cross placenta causing a transplacental infection

92
Q

What is the PPP of Ancylostoma caninum?

A

min PPP 2 weeks

L3 to adult and producing eggs in as little as 2 weeks

93
Q

True or false: Ancylostoma caninum oral infection is of major importance?

A

FALSE – minor importance since they still migrate

94
Q

is Uncinaria stenocephala common or uncommon hookworm?

A

common

95
Q

Where are Uncinaria stenocephala found?

A

dogs

96
Q

Uncinaria stenocephala has ____ cutting plates

A

smooth so no obvious pointing structures when looking under microscope

97
Q

Lifecycle of Uncinaria stenocephala – direct or indirect?

A

direct

98
Q

What route is preferred in Uncinaria stenocephala?

A

Oral route preferred

99
Q

In Uncinaria stenocephala, if oral route is followed there is no ____?

A

migration – so if they are ingested they won’t leave the gut during development

100
Q

In Uncinaria stenocephala percutaneous infection can occur but much less successful as most ___ die ____?

A

larvae die on the skin

101
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: There is transmammary or transplacental infection in Uncinaria stenocephala?

A

FALSE

102
Q

What is Uncinaria stenocephala referred as?

A

Hookworm dermatitis

103
Q

Superfamily: Metastrongyloidea are called?

A

THE TRUE LUNGWORMS

104
Q

Metastrongyloidea are considered ____ parasites

A

pulmonary since they are mostly found in the airways or pulmonary tissues

105
Q

What kind of lifecycle does Metastrongyloidea have?

A

INDIRECT AND DIRECT

106
Q

Describe the lifecycle of Metastrongyloidea:

A

L1 in egg when laid - hatch quickly – L1 in faeces

[L3] infective but usually in I.H. or Paratenic Host

107
Q

What indirect host do Metastrongyloidea use?

A

gastropod molluscs

108
Q

Aelurostrongylus abstrusus is apart of what superfamily?

A

Metastrongyloidea

109
Q

Aelurostrongylus abstrusus common in ___ cats

A

FERAL cats

110
Q

How is the cat infected affected by Aelurostrongylus abstrusus:

A

Relies on cat eating a bird which is the paratenic host which has eaten the mollusk which is the indirect host so slug/snails spread the infection

**cat can eat mollusk or bird that has previously eaten the mollusk

111
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: does L1 have a spine in Aelurostrongylus abstrusus?

A

TRUE it does have a spine

112
Q

What symptoms does the cat have if it has Aelurostrongylus abstrusus?

A

chronic coughing since its in the bronchioles and lung parenchyma

113
Q

Explain the lifecycle in Aelurostrongylus abstrusus:

A

bird: female lays eggs containing L1 → hatch in lungs → up to pharynx → swallowed → faeces

L1 in faeces → ((L3)) in mollusc intermediate host (e.g. slug or snail)

cat: ((L3)) ingested → exsheath → lymphatic-pulmonary migration (lymphatic vessels → thoracic duct → heart → lungs)

114
Q

What superfamily is Dictyocaulus vivparus apart of?

A

Metastrongyloidea

115
Q

Dictyocaulus vivparus is considered the ____ lungworm

A

cattle lungworm

116
Q

What was Dictyocaulus vivparus traditionally considered AND what superfamily is it in now?

A

trichostrongyloid then

metastrongyloidea now

117
Q

What kind of lifestyle does Dictyocaulus vivparus have?

A

Direct lifecycle – infection transmitted cow to cow as their is no intermediate host

118
Q

Lifecycle of Dictyocaulus vivparus

A

DIRECT LIFECYCLE

female lays eggs containing L1 → hatch in lungs → up to pharynx → swallowed → faeces

((L3)) ingested → exsheath → lymphatic-pulmonary migration (lymphatic vessels → thoracic duct → heart → lungs)

– L1 and L2 in faeces → ((L3)) on pasture

119
Q

Dictyocaulus vivparus is _____ ensheathed at ___?

A

double ensheathed at L3

120
Q

Dictyocaulus vivparus is _____ at L3 and ____ long lived

A

is very sluggish at L3 and not very long lived

121
Q

Ollulanus tricuspis is a ____ in the feline ____ with how many cusps?

A

A tiny trichostrongyloid worm of the feline stomach with 3 cusps

122
Q

Filaroides osleri is a canine ______

A

tracheal nodular worm

123
Q

Filaroides osleri is considered a ___?

A

metastrongyloid

124
Q

Filaroides osleri and Ollulanus tricuspis both have ____ lifecycles

A

direct

125
Q

How are infections transmitted in Filaroides osleri and Ollulanus tricuspis?

A

infections transmitted cat to cat and dog to dog, via vomited material or saliva (e.g. mum ‘regurgitates’ food or licks face of young)

PARASITOLOGY (10 decks)

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