Stroke Flashcards
Be able to explain why hemi-ADL strategies may foster learned non-use of hemiplegic limbs.
individual neglects to use the affected extremity
ADL strategies typically use the unaffected arm to do the majority of the tasks?
What is shaping in the context of constraint-induced therapy?
behavioral techniques that approach a desired motor outcome, in small, successive increments
shaping strategies allow subjects to experience successful gains in performance with relatively small amounts of motor improvement
The task-oriented approach to rehabilitation is important in stroke rehab. What are its four components in OT treatment?
task-oriented approach is an occupation-based approach that is client-centered and focuses on enabling the client to achieve motor recovery through occupational performance using real objects, environments, and meaningful occupations.
- Encourage weight bearing over the involved side
- Encourage trunk rotation
- Encourage trunk elongation
- Encourage scapular protraction
Dynamic systems theory, on which motor control therapy is based, is seen as an interaction among what three factors?
The interaction between client factors, the context, and the occupations that must be performed to enact the client’s roles
What does Pedretti say is the most effective factor in all forms of CIT?
Intensive practice and functional use of the affected upper extremity repeatedly across multiple contexts for many hours a day for a period of consecutive days
What UE pathologies can limit the success of CIT?
shoulder subluxation
soft tissue shortening
joint contractures/deformities
CIT research protocols assume how many hours of continuous practice a day?
6 hours
Wear the mit for 90% of daily activities?
(Not 100% sure about this)
What amount of upper extremity function would you hope to see before beginning CIT therapy?
ability to move affected arm in 45 degrees of shoulder flexion and abduction, 90 degrees of elbow flexion and extension, 20 degrees of wrist extension, and 10 degrees of extension at the MCPs and IPs
Why would you choose not to try CIT with a hemiplegic patient who has cognitive impairment?
Cognitive impairments might prevent adequate participation in the strict protocol
What is the difference between ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke? Which is more common?
Ischemic: insufficient blood flow to the brain (most common)
Hemorrhagic: bleeding; subarachnoid and intracerebral hemorrhages; has numerous causes
7 modifiable stroke risk factors
hypertension management of cardiac diseases management of diabetes cigarette smoking excessive use of alcohol use of illegal drugs lifestyle factors such as obesity, physical inactivity, diet, and emotional stress
Blockage or rupture of which brain artery is most common? Be able to list all deficits associated with this particular stroke.
- Middle cerebral artery
- Dysfunction of either hemisphere
- Contralateral hemiplegia (mostly face, arms, and tongue)
- Contralateral hemisensory loss
- Visual field impairment
- Poor contralateral conjugate gaze
- Ideational apraxia
- Lack of judgement
- Perseveration
- Field dependency
- Impaired organization of behavior
- Depression
- Lability
- Apathy
- Behavioral abnormalities - Right hemisphere dysfunction
- Left unilateral body neglect
- Left unilateral visual neglect
- Anosognosia
- Visuospatial impairment
- Left unilateral motor apraxia - Left hemisphere dysfunction
- Bilateral motor apraxia
- Broca’s aphasia
- Frustration
- Wernicke’s aphasia
Top down vs. Bottom Up assessment. What are they? When would you use each?
- A top-down approach to assessment is an assessment that focuses on the evaluation of performance areas
Principles of this approach include the following:
- inquiry into role competency and meaningfulness is the starting point for evaluation
- inquiry is focused on the roles that are important to the client who sustained a stroke, particularly those in which the client was engaged before the stroke
- any discrepancy of roles in the past, present, r future is identified to help determine a treatment plan
- the tasks that define a person are identified, as well as whether those tasks can be performed and the reasons that the task is problematic
- a connection is determined between the components of function and occupational performance
- A bottom-up approach first focuses on dysfunction of client factors
Be able to name 10 of the 15 items scored on the NIH stroke scale.
level of consciousness (1a, 1b, and 1c = 3 scores) best gaze visual fields facial palsy arm motor leg motor limb ataxia sensory best language dysarthria extinction and inattention
Be able to name and describe at least four non-motoric reasons for a person with stroke having difficulty in performing a hemi-ADL task.
Pain Edema Muscle tone Joint alignment Cognition Sensory deficit Contracture and deformity Superimposed orthopedic conditions Loss of postural control to support UE control Learned nonuse Loss of biomechanical alignment
In stroke rehab, what are five intervention principles that utilize the task-oriented approach?
help clients adjust to role and task performance limitations by exploring new roles and tasks
create an environment that includes the common challenges of everyday life
practice functional tasks or close simulations that have been identified as important by participants to find effective and efficient strategies for performance
provide opportunities for practice outside of therapy time (e.g. homework assignments)
minimize ineffective and inefficient movement patterns
What are three effects that a stroke can have on a person’s trunk?
Inability to perceive midline as a result of spatial relationship dysfunction and leading to sitting postures that are misaligned from the vertical
Assumption of static postures that do not support engagement in functional activities
Multi directional trunk weakness
Inability to shift weight through pelvis anteriorly, posteriorly, and laterally
Spinal contracture secondary to soft-tissue shortening
Inability to move the trunk segmentally (i.e. the trunk moves as a unit)
List three ADL tasks that promote improved trunk control, and explain what the trunk does during those tasks.
Feeding: anterior weight shift occurs to bring the upper part of the body toward the table, to prevent spillage of food from utensils, and to support a hand-to-mouth pattern
Dressing: lateral weight shift to one side of the pelvis occurs so that pants and underwear can be donned over the hips
Oral Care: anterior weight shift occurs so that saliva and toothpaste may be expectorated
Transfer: the trunk extends with concurrent hip flexion to initiate a sit-to-stand transition
Meal Preparation: the trunk flexes into gravity in a controlled fashion to support a reach pattern to the lower shelf of the refrigerator
Pedretti lists 7 components that you can manage in helping a person with stroke better perform ADL in sitting. Know them.
- Establishing a neutral yet active starting alignment (i.e., a position of readiness to function)
- The client should attempt reaching activities from the above posture
- Establish the ability to maintain the trunk in midline using external cues
- Maintaining trunk range of motion (ROM) by wheelchair and armchair positioning that maintains the trunk in proper alignment
- Prescribing dynamic weight-shifting activities to allow practice of weight shifts through the pelvis
- Strengthening the trunk, best achieved by using tasks that require the client to control the trunk against gravity
- Using compensatory strategies and environmental adaptations when trunk control does not improve to a sufficient level and the client is at risk for injury
