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Term 2: Metabolism > Stressed & Exercise Metabolism > Flashcards

Stressed & Exercise Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Reciprocal regulation within a “regulatory bubble” means what?

A. Two steps in a single pathway are regulated similarly and coordinately to increase throughput.

B. Feed-forward stimulation.

C. Feed-back inhibition.

D. A forward step is activated while the reverse reaction is inactivated.

E. The enzymes are co-localized to better cooperate

A

D. A forward step is activated while the reverse reaction is inactivated.

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2
Q

Triglycerides carried in VLDL is converted to fatty acids for delivery to the target tissues by which enzyme?

A. Extracellular lipoprotein lipase

B. Hormone sensitive lipase

C. The carnitine shuttle

D. Intestinal lipases.

E. Phospholipase D.

A

A. Extracellular lipoprotein lipase

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3
Q

The stress response due to the several hormones released can result in synergistic responses to those hormones. Synergistic means which of the following?

A. An additive effect of the hormones.

B. A lessened response compared to an individual hormone response

C. No change from the expected individual effects of the hormones

D. Antagonistic effects of the hormones

E. A greater than additive effect of the hormones

A

E. A greater than additive effect of the hormones

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4
Q

Which of the following is a circulating gluconeogenic precursor resulting from protein degradation?

A. Lactate

B. Glycerol

C. Alanine

D. Glucose

E. Glutamate

A

C. Alanine

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5
Q

In the stressed state, which of the following occurs?

A. Liver increases glycogenesis.

B. Liver increases gluconeogenesis.

C. Liver increases ketone body production.

D. Muscle increases triglyceride storage.

E. Muscle increases glycogenesis.

A

B. Liver increases Gluconeogenesis

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6
Q

What is the general response of the brain to stress?

A

-detect the stress and initiate a response

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7
Q

What is the general response of the Liver to stress?

A
  • glycogenolysis

- gluconeogenesis

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8
Q

What is the general response of the Muscle to stress?

A
  • glycogenolysis

- protein synthesis (acute) and break down (Chronic)

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9
Q

What is the general response of the Adipose tissue to stress?

A

-Lipolysis

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10
Q

What hormone inhibits growth hormone, and thus protein synthesis, in the chronic stressed state?

A

Cortisol

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11
Q

What hormones will be secreted in response to a stressor?

A
  • glucagon
  • nor/epinephrine
  • Cortisol
  • Growth Hormone
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12
Q

What releases cortisol?

A

-cortex of the adrenal gland

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13
Q

What releases Growth Hormone?

A

-anterior pituitary

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14
Q

Cortisol triggers protein degradation, while growth hormone triggers protein synthesis. What could be the purpose of this mixed response to stressors?

A

-it prepares the body to either degrade proteins for energy, or to re-synthesize proteins that might be needed for would healing

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15
Q

Why aren’t the effects of hormones released in the stressed state additive?

A

-individual hormonal effects in the stressed state are affected by the presence of other hormones

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16
Q

What is the initial effect of all three hormones (cortisol, epinephrine, growth hormone) after a stressor?

A

-stimulation of hormone sensitive lipase in adipose tissue to degrade TAGs into fatty acids for use throughout the body

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17
Q

How does epinephrine exert its effects in muscle?

A
  • B adrenergic receptor activates adenylyl cyclase to increase cAMP, leads to active PKA which activates glycogen phosphorylase
  • Note that neural signals also promote the release of Ca2+, which also stimulates glycogen phosphorylase
  • net result is mobilization of glycogen stores for energy
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18
Q

How does epinephrine exert its effects in adipose tissue?

A

same as in muscle, but PKA activates hormone sensitive lipase instead of glycogen phosphorylase

19
Q

What is the effect of cortisol on the liver, adipose, and muscle?

A

Liver:
-Increase gluconeogenesis by stimulating pyruvate–>Glucose 6-PO4

Adipose:
-activate hormone sensitive lipase to increase conversion of TAG to FAs

Muscle:
-stimulates the breakdown of proteins into amino acids

20
Q

What is the effect of Growth hormone on the liver, adipose, and muscle?

A

Liver:
-increase breakdown of TAGs to FAs

Adipose:
-Stimulate hormone sensitive lipase

Muscle:
-stimulates protein synthesis and gluconeogenesis

21
Q

What is the effect of Epinephrine on the liver, adipose, and muscle?

A

Liver:

  • Stimulates Beta oxidation (breakdown) of FAs to AcCoA
  • Stimulates gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis

Adipose:
-Stimulates hormone sensitive lipase

Muscle:

  • Stimulates Beta oxidation of FAs to AcCoA
  • Stimulates Glycogenolysis
22
Q

What causes Cushing’s Syndrome?

A

-Hypercortisolemia

23
Q

Stress acutely affects protein synthesis and degradation how?

A. Protein synthesis is increased and protein breakdown decreased

B. Protein synthesis is decreased and protein breakdown decreased

C. Protein synthesis is increased and protein breakdown increased

D. Protein synthesis is decreased and protein breakdown increased

E. Neither synthesis nor breakdown is affected.

A

C. Protein synthesis is increased and protein breakdown is increased.

24
Q

Treatment of phenylketonuria requires ensuring an adequate supply of one amino acid that is not normally considered essential, but becomes so in this disease. Which amino acid is it?

A. Tyrosine

B. Phenylalanine

C. Tryptophan

D. Lysine

E. Histidine

A

A. Tyrosine

25
Q

Which tissue(s) use ketone bodies as a nutrient during starvation?

A. Brain

B. Brain and blood

C. Kidney and liver

D. Blood

E. Most except blood and liver

A

E. Most except blood and liver

26
Q

During Fasting FAs are mobilized by activation of which enzyme?

A. Glycogen phosphorylase

B. Lipoprotein lipase

C. Hormone Sensitive Lipase

D. Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (ACC)

E. Carnitine-palmitoyl transferase (CPT, carnitine shuttle)

A

C. Hormone Sensitive LIpase

27
Q

Which form of Exercise is the most strenuous (most kcal/hr used)?

A. Swimming.

B. Walking very fast.

C. Walking up stairs.

D. Jogging (run).

E. Severe exercise.

A

C. Walking up Stairs

28
Q

During low to moderate exercise, muscle uses primarily which energy source?

A. Glucose from the circulation

B. Plasma fatty acids

C. Muscle glycogen stores

D. Muscle triglyceride stores

E. Muscle protein

A

B. Plasma Fatty Acids

29
Q

Why don’t erythrocytes use ketone bodies as a source of energy?

A

-they don’t have mitochondria

30
Q

What are 3-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate?

A

-Ketone bodies

31
Q

Where are ketone bodies synthesized?

A

-the liver

32
Q

What is the advantage of the body using ketone bodies rather than glucose during starvation?

A
  • gluconeogenesis requires breakdown of protein. We need protein to survive. Switching to ketones as a fuel source allows us to keep more protein to survive.
  • also frees up CoASH to be used in the liver to increase acetyl CoA and fat metabolism
33
Q

What enzyme catalyzes the rate limiting step of ketone synthesis?

A

HMG-CoA synthase

34
Q

What is acetoacetate made from?

A
  • three acetyl CoA molecules

- one is cleaved later though to make acetoacetate

35
Q

What are ketone bodies converted to to be used as energy?

A

-acetyl CoA to be used in the TCA cycle

36
Q

What regulates the production of ketone bodies in the liver?

A
  • presence of substrates

- induction of the synthesis of HMG-CoA synthase

37
Q

What protein controls synthesis of HMG-CoA synthase?

A

cAMP-Response Element Binding Protein (CREBP)

38
Q

What happens to blood glucose levels during exercise?

A

-it remains relatively constant

39
Q

What is the major source of energy for the body during low intensity exercise?

A

-Free fatty acids released by lipase

40
Q

What is the major source of energy during intense exercise?

A

-Glycogen

41
Q

What hormones increase during exercise? Decrease?

A

Increase:

  • epinephrine
  • cortisol
  • growth hormone
  • glucagon (gradually)

Decrease:
-insulin (slowly)

42
Q

What inhibits insulin secretion during exercise?

A

-alpha adrenergic receptors

43
Q

What glucose receptors are involved in carbo-loading? What stimulates their up-regulation?

A
  • GLUT 4

- muscle contraction

Term 2: Metabolism (5 decks)

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