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Y3 Illness N Wellbejng 2 > STRESS- Stress 1 > Flashcards

STRESS- Stress 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define stress

A

Stress is the condition that results when person/environment transactions lead to the individual to perceive a discrepancy between the demands of a situation and the resources of the persons biological or social systems

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2
Q

What can stress lead to

A

The fight or flight response

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3
Q

List the key physiological effects of response

A
  1. Anxiety
  2. Fear
  3. Anger/irritability
  4. Exacerbation/ triggering of existing depression or mood disorders
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4
Q

When is the response to stress: anxiety

A

When there is a POSSIBLE threat

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5
Q

When is the response to stress: fear

A

When there is an imminent threat

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6
Q

List some physical effects of stress

A
  1. Increased heart rate
  2. Digestive problems
  3. Sleep disturbances
  4. Tiredness
  5. Headaches
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7
Q

List some cognitive effects of stress

A
  1. Hyper vigilance
  2. Poor concentration
  3. Indecisiveness
  4. Obsession worrying
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8
Q

Talk through the theory of cognitive appraisal

A

We ask ourself some questions to determine how we react to a stress event (Primary appraisal)
If you’ve determined the event is stressful move on to secondary appraisal

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9
Q

List the questions we ask ourselves during the primary appraisal according to the theory of cognitive appraisal

A

Is the event:

  1. benign and non threatening?
  2. potentially dangerous or harmful?
  3. threatening to ones self esteem?

If you answer yes to Q1 and no to Q2and 3 you ignore the stressor
If you answer no to Q1 and yes to Q2and 3 move on to secondary appraisal

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10
Q

What do we ask ourselves during the secondary appraisal according to the theory of cognitive appraisal

A

What resources and coping skills do I have to deal with this event?

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11
Q

According to the theory of cognitive appraisal when do we experience stress?

A

If we perceive that our resources and coping skills are inadequate to deal with an event we experience stress

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12
Q

Describe the vicious cycle we can enter when we are stressed

A
  1. Primary and second appraisal imbalance
  2. Leads to a stress response eg hyper vigilance
  3. We use maladaptive coping mechanisms like staying up late which in turn makes us more stressed
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13
Q

Give examples of some maladaptive coping mechanisms

A
  1. Comfort eating (or not eating)
  2. Increased smoking
  3. Increased drug/alcohol consumption
  4. Disturbed sleep patterns
  5. Risk taking behaviour
  6. Hostility or violence
  7. Lateness/ absenteeism
  8. Social withdrawal
  9. Lack of self care
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14
Q

Does everyone appraise stress in the same way?

A

NO

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15
Q

What influences an individual’s appraisal?

A
  1. Previous experiences
  2. Genetics
  3. Mood
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16
Q

Describe people who are described as being type A

A

Impatient, competitive and aggressive

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17
Q

Describe people who are described as being type B

A

More satisfied with life

Patient and even tempered

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18
Q

Describe people who are described as being type C

A

‘Anger in’ personality, frustration and low self esteem

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19
Q

Describe people who are described as being type D

A

Have a negative outlook and high external locus of control

May become socially alone

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20
Q

What is locus of control?

A

Refers to an individuals belief that he or she controls personally relevant outcomes in life

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21
Q

What are people usually split into when we use the locus of control

A

Split into externals and internals

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22
Q

Describe the internals according to the locus of control

A

They believe they are in control of outcomes in life

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23
Q

Describe the externals according to the locus of control

A

They believe that luck or powerful others are in control

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24
Q

Give some examples of how we measure stressors?

A
  1. Social readjustment rating scale (SRRS)

2. Daily hassles and uplifts scale

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25
What is the social readjustment rating scale (SRRS)
It is a scale developed by 43 participants who rated stressful life events in terms of level of adjustment required to cope with that event
26
What was the purpose of the social readjustment rating scale
To measure life events against physical and psychological health parameters
27
Give some examples of stressful vents asked about in the social readjustment rating scale
1. Marriage was the benchmark at 500 2. Divorce 3. Death of spouse 4. Major change at work 5. Retirement 6. Major personal achievement 7. Moving house
28
What are some of the criticisms of the social readjustment rating scale
1. Many events are rare and some more common events aren't included 2. The scale is based on the perception of marriage by 400 Americans in 1967
29
What does the daily hassles and uplifts scale define hassles as?
Defined as irritating, frustrating, distressing everyday transactions eg phone breaking, rain
30
What does the daily hassles and uplifts scale define uplifts as?
Uplifts defined as positive experiences such as manifestations of love, good news, good nights rest
31
Give some examples of hassles described in the daily hassles and uplifts scale
1. Planning meals 2. Wasting Time 3. Being lonely 4. Personal use of drugs
32
Give some examples of uplifts described in the daily hassles and uplifts scale
1. Eating out 2. Being efficient 3. Relating well with friends 4. Using drugs or alcohol
33
What conclusions did the daily hassles and uplifts scale come to?
In men: they experienced more hassles during significant life events In women: They experience more hassles and uplifts during significant life events
34
Define coping
Thoughts and behaviours used to manage, master, tolerate, reduce or minimus the demands of a stressful environment
35
What effect does effective coping have?
1. Reduces intensity and duration of stressor (appraisal) | 2. Reduces likelihood that stressor will lead to illness
36
What can coping mechanisms be split into?
1. Approach based | 2. Avoidant based
37
Describe the approach based coping mechanism
Based on: 1. Problem solving 2. Seeking emotional suport 3. Finding ways of expressing emotions
38
Describe the avoidant based coping mechanism
Based on Avoiding the problem
39
What can approach based coping mechanism she split into?
1, Emotion based: changing the emotional reaction to the stressor 2. Problem based: Adapting or changing the situation
40
Is an avoidant based coping mechanism always bad?
No it can be useful in sistuatiaiton where you are not in control or you have to wait for the outcome eg eating to test results
41
Define resilience
An individuals ability to bounce back, adapt, persevere, cope or withstand pressure
42
How down measure resilience?
By using the Connor Davidsons 10 point resilience scale
43
What is the Connor Davidson 10 point resilience scale
10 statements rated from 0 to 4
44
Give examples of some of the highest ranking statements found in the Connor Davidson 10 point resilience scale
1. I believe I can achieve my goals 2. I tend to bounce back after illness 3. I am able to adapt when changes occur
45
Give examples of some of the lowest ranking statements found in the Connor Davidson 10 point resilience scale
1. Under pressure I stay focused and think clearly | 2. I try to see the humorous side if things when I'm face with a problem
46
When coping with stresses what is critical?
Social support
47
What can social support be split into?
1. Emotional support 2. Informational support 3. Social companionship 4. Instrumental support
48
What is emotional support
Sharing problems, feelings and worry without blame, ridicule or criticism
49
What is informational support
Advice and guidance
50
What is social companionship
Feedback and validation
51
What is instrumental support
Having assistance with instrumental tasks
52
What can we use to predict morbidity and mortality in cancer patients?
Social isolation and loneliness
53
How is social isolation and loneliness used to predict the morbidity and mortality in cancer patients?
Social relationships have shown to have. positive impact on the mortality of cancer patients
54
How does social support protect against stress
2 Hypotheses: 1. The buffering hypothesis 2. Direct effects hypothesis
55
Describe the buffering hypothesis
Social support affects health bu protecting us against the negative effects of high stress
56
According the buffering hypothesis when is social support effect?
Effective only for strong stressors
57
Describe the direct effects hypothesis
Social support is beneficial to health and well being regardless of the amount of stress
58
List some of the positive impacts of internet and social media on stress
1. Informational support 2. Emotional support 3. Social companionship 4. Accessibel everywhere
59
List some of the negative impacts of internet and social media on stress
1. Misinformation 2. Concerns about self image 3. Trolls/ Misinterpretation 4. Accessible everywhere so you can't get a break 5. Addiction/ FOMO 6. Light emitting devices have an impact on mood and sleep quality
60
Can we change the way people cope with stress
We can encourage more adaptive coping mechanism | We can change the environment
61
How can we change the environment
1. Change actual control of job demands 2. Reframe/ accept issues or negotiate change 3. Increase social support

Y3 Illness N Wellbejng 2 (31 decks)

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